1.介紹 SQLAlchemy是一個基於Python實現的ORM框架。該框架建立在 DB API之上,使用關係對象映射進行資料庫操作,簡言之便是:將類和對象轉換成SQL,然後使用數據API執行SQL並獲取執行結果。 組成部分: SQLAlchemy本身無法操作資料庫,其必須以來pymsql等第三方插 ...
1.介紹
SQLAlchemy是一個基於Python實現的ORM框架。該框架建立在 DB API之上,使用關係對象映射進行資料庫操作,簡言之便是:將類和對象轉換成SQL,然後使用數據API執行SQL並獲取執行結果。
pip3 install sqlalchemy
組成部分:
Engine,框架的引擎
Connection Pooling ,資料庫連接池
Dialect,選擇連接資料庫的DB API種類
Schema/Types,架構和類型
SQL Exprression Language,SQL表達式語言
SQLAlchemy本身無法操作資料庫,其必須以來pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用於和數據API進行交流,根據配置文件的不同調用不同的資料庫API,從而實現對資料庫的操作,如:
MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
更多:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
django中如何反向生成models
python manage.py inspectdb > app/models.py
2.簡單使用(能創建表,刪除表,不能修改表)
修改表:在資料庫添加欄位,類對應上
1執行原生sql(不常用)
import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/test?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超過連接池大小外最多創建的連接
pool_size=5, # 連接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,否則報錯
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之後對線程池中的線程進行一次連接的回收(重置)
)
def task(arg):
conn = engine.raw_connection()
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(
"select * from app01_book"
)
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
cursor.close()
conn.close()
for i in range(20):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
2 orm使用
models.py
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
Base = declarative_base()
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users' # 資料庫表名稱
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) # id 主鍵
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) # name列,索引,不可為空
# email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
#datetime.datetime.now不能加括弧,加了括弧,以後永遠是當前時間
# ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
# extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)
__table_args__ = (
# UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), #聯合唯一
# Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), #索引
)
def init_db():
"""
根據類創建資料庫表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超過連接池大小外最多創建的連接
pool_size=5, # 連接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,否則報錯
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之後對線程池中的線程進行一次連接的回收(重置)
)
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
"""
根據類刪除資料庫表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超過連接池大小外最多創建的連接
pool_size=5, # 連接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中沒有線程最多等待的時間,否則報錯
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之後對線程池中的線程進行一次連接的回收(重置)
)
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# drop_db()
init_db()
app.py
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users
#"mysql+pymysql://[email protected]:3306/aaa"
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Connection = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# 每次執行資料庫操作時,都需要創建一個Connection
con = Connection()
# ############# 執行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="lqz")
con.add(obj1)
# 提交事務
con.commit()
# 關閉session,其實是將連接放回連接池
con.close()
3.一對多關係
class Hobby(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hobby'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='籃球')
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
# hobby指的是tablename而不是類名,uselist=False
hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))
# 跟資料庫無關,不會新增欄位,只用於快速鏈表操作
# 類名,backref用於反向查詢
hobby=relationship('Hobby',backref='pers')
4.多對多關係
class Boy2Girl(Base):
__tablename__ = 'boy2girl'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
girl_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('girl.id'))
boy_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('boy.id'))
class Girl(Base):
__tablename__ = 'girl'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
class Boy(Base):
__tablename__ = 'boy'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
# 與生成表結構無關,僅用於查詢方便,放在哪個單表中都可以
girl = relationship('Girl', secondary='boy2girl', backref='boys')
5.操作數據表
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# 每次執行資料庫操作時,都需要創建一個session
session = Session()
# ############# 執行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="lqz")
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事務
session.commit()
# 關閉session
session.close()
6.基於scoped_session實現線程安全
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from models import Users
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
"""
# 線程安全,基於本地線程實現每個線程用同一個session
# 特殊的:scoped_session中有原來方法的Session中的一下方法:
public_methods = (
'__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested',
'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire',
'expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind',
'is_modified', 'bulk_save_objects', 'bulk_insert_mappings',
'bulk_update_mappings',
'merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback',
'scalar'
)
"""
#scoped_session類並沒有繼承Session,但是卻又它的所有方法
session = scoped_session(Session)
# ############# 執行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事務
session.commit()
# 關閉session
session.close()
7.基本增刪查改
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from db import Users, Hosts
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# ################ 添加 ################
"""
obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
session.add(obj1)
session.add_all([
Users(name="lqz"),
Users(name="egon"),
Hosts(name="c1.com"),
])
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 刪除 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 修改 ################
"""
#傳字典
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "lqz"})
#類似於django的F查詢,這個後面必須配合synchronize_session,
#如果是字元串就用False,如果是數字就用#evaluata
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 查詢 ################
"""
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
#只取age列,把name重命名為xx
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()
#filter傳的是表達式,filter_by傳的是參數
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "lqz").all()
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').all()
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').first()
#:value 和:name 相當於占位符,用params傳參數
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
#自定義查詢sql
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
"""
#增,刪,改都要commit()
session.close()
8.常用操作
# 條件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').all()
#表達式,and條件連接
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
#註意下劃線
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
#~非,除。。外
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
#二次篩選
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
#or_包裹的都是or條件,and_包裹的都是and條件
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,
and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
Users.extra != ""
)).all()
# 通配符,以e開頭,不以e開頭
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
# 限制,用於分頁,區間
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
# 排序,根據name降序排列(從大到小)
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
#第一個條件重覆後,再按第二個條件升序排
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
# 分組
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
#分組之後取最大id,id之和,最小id
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
#haviing篩選
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
# 連表(預設用forinkey關聯)
ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
#join表,預設是inner join
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
#isouter=True 外連,表示Person left join Favor,沒有右連接,反過來即可
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
#列印原生sql
aa=session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True)
print(aa)
# 自己指定on條件(連表條件),第二個參數,支持on多個條件,用and_,同上
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor,Person.id==Favor.id, isouter=True).all()
# 組合(瞭解)UNION 操作符用於合併兩個或多個 SELECT 語句的結果集
#union和union all的區別?
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
9.執行原生sql
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 查詢
# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
# result = cursor.fetchall()
# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'lqz'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
session.close()
10.一對多
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([
Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),
Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),
Person(name='張三', hobby_id=3),
Person(name='李四', hobby_id=4),
])
person = Person(name='張九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))
session.add(person)
#添加二
hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
hb.pers = [Person(name='文飛'), Person(name='博雅')]
session.add(hb)
session.commit()
"""
# 使用relationship正向查詢
"""
v = session.query(Person).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.hobby.caption)
"""
# 使用relationship反向查詢
"""
v = session.query(Hobby).first()
print(v.caption)
print(v.pers)
"""
#方式一,自己鏈表
# person_list=session.query(models.Person.name,models.Hobby.caption).join(models.Hobby,isouter=True).all()
person_list=session.query(models.Person,models.Hobby).join(models.Hobby,isouter=True).all()
for row in person_list:
# print(row.name,row.caption)
print(row[0].name,row[1].caption)
#方式二:通過relationship
person_list=session.query(models.Person).all()
for row in person_list:
print(row.name,row.hobby.caption)
#查詢喜歡姑娘的所有人
obj=session.query(models.Hobby).filter(models.Hobby.id==1).first()
persons=obj.pers
print(persons)
session.close()
11.多對多
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sql.models import Girl,Boy,Boy2Girl
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3307/flask-test?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
'''
session.add_all([
Girl(name='g_com1'),
Girl(name='g2.com1'),
Boy(name='A組1'),
Boy(name='B組2'),
])
session.commit()
s2g = Boy2Girl(girl_id=2, boy_id =2)
session.add(s2g)
session.commit()
gp = Boy(name='C組')
gp.girl = [Girl(name='c3.com'),Girl(name='c4.com')]
session.add(gp)
session.commit()
ser = Girl(name='c6.com')
ser.boys = [Boy(name='F組pp'),Boy(name='G組ll')]
session.add(ser)
session.commit()
'''
"""
# 使用relationship正向查詢
"""
'''
v = session.query(Boy).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.girl)
'''
# 使用relationship反向查詢
'''
v = session.query(Girl).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.boys)
'''
session.close()
12.其它
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text, func
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 關聯子查詢:correlate(Group)表示跟Group表做關聯,as_scalar相當於對該sql加括弧,用於放在後面當子查詢
subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
result = session.query(Group.name, subqry)
"""
SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid
FROM server
WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1
FROM `group`
"""
'''
select * from tb where id in [select id from xxx];
select id,
name,
#必須保證此次查詢只有一個值
(select max(id) from xxx) as mid
from tb
例如,第三個欄位只能有一個值
id name mid
1 lqz 1,2 不合理
2 egon 2
'''
'''
成績表:
id sid cid score
1 1 物理 99
2 1 化學 88
3 2 物理 95
學生表:
id name 每個學生總分數
1 xx 88
2 yy 77
select id,name,
(select avr(score) from 成績表 where 成績表.sid=學生表.id) as x
from 學生表
subqry = session.query(func.count(成績表.scort).label("sc")).filter(學生表.id == 成績表.sid).correlate(學生表).as_scalar()
result = session.query(學生表.name, subqry)
'''
# 原生SQL
"""
# 查詢
cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
result = cursor.fetchall()
# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
"""
session.close()
13.Flask-SQLAlchemy
flask和SQLAchemy的管理者,通過他把他們做連接
db = SQLAlchemy()
- 包含配置
- 包含ORM基類
- 包含create_all
- engine
- 創建連接
離線腳本,創建表
詳見代碼
flask-migrate
python3 manage.py db init 初始化:只執行一次
python3 manage.py db migrate 等同於 makemigartions
python3 manage.py db upgrade 等同於migrate