MySQL簡單查詢和單表查詢_ZenDei技術網路在線

MySQL記錄操作概覽 MySQL數據操作： DML 在MySQL管理軟體中，可以通過SQL語句中的DML語言來實現數據的操作，包括 1. 使用INSERT實現數據的插入 2. UPDATE實現數據的更新 3. 使用DELETE實現數據的刪除 4. 使用SELECT查詢數據以及。插入數據inse ...

MySQL記錄操作

概覽

MySQL數據操作： DML

在MySQL管理軟體中，可以通過SQL語句中的DML語言來實現數據的操作，包括

使用INSERT實現數據的插入
UPDATE實現數據的更新
使用DELETE實現數據的刪除
使用SELECT查詢數據以及。

插入數據insert

1. 插入完整數據（順序插入）
    語法一：
    INSERT INTO 表名(欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…欄位n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);

    語法二：
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);

2. 指定欄位插入數據
    語法：
    INSERT INTO 表名(欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);

3. 插入多條記錄
    語法：
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n);
        
4. 插入查詢結果
    語法：
    INSERT INTO 表名(欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…欄位n) 
                    SELECT (欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…欄位n) FROM 表2
                    WHERE …;

更新數據update

語法：
    UPDATE 表名 SET
        欄位1=值1,
        欄位2=值2,
        WHERE CONDITION;

示例：
    UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) 
        where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;

刪除數據delete

語法：
    DELETE FROM 表名 
        WHERE CONITION;

示例：
    DELETE FROM mysql.user 
        WHERE password=’’;

練習：
    更新MySQL root用戶密碼為mysql123
    刪除除從本地登錄的root用戶以外的所有用戶

查詢數據 search

1.單表查詢

關鍵字執行的優先順序:

from
where
group by
select
distinct
having
order by
limit

1.找到表:from

2.拿著where指定的約束條件，去文件/表中取出一條條記錄

3.將取出的一條條記錄進行分組group by，如果沒有group by，則整體作為一組

4.執行select（去重）

5.將分組的結果進行having過濾

6.將結果按條件排序：order by

7.限制結果的顯示條數

簡單查詢

#創建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一個部門一個屋子
depart_id int
);

#查看表結構
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| emp_name     | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+


#插入記錄
#三個部門：教學，銷售，運營
insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','辦事處',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教學部
('anwen','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wudi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwen','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龍','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是銷售部門
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('張xx','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是運營部門
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬鐵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

#ps：如果在windows系統中，插入中文字元，select的結果為空白，可以將所有字元編碼統一設置成gbk

準備表和記錄

#簡單查詢
    SELECT id,emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
    FROM employee;

    SELECT * FROM employee;

    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee;

#避免重覆DISTINCT
    SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    

#通過四則運算查詢
    SELECT emp_name, salary*12 FROM employee;
    SELECT emp_name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
    SELECT emp_name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;

#定義顯示格式
   CONCAT() 函數用於連接字元串
   SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',emp_name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;
   
   CONCAT_WS() 第一個參數為分隔符
   SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',emp_name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;

   結合CASE語句：
   SELECT
       (
           CASE
           WHEN emp_name = 'jingliyang' THEN
               emp_name
           WHEN emp_name = 'alex' THEN
               CONCAT(emp_name,'_BIGSB')
           ELSE
               concat(emp_name, 'SB')
           END
       ) as new_name
   FROM
       employee;

小練習：

1 查出所有員工的名字，薪資,格式為
    <名字:egon>    <薪資:3000>
2 查出所有的崗位（去掉重覆）
3 查出所有員工名字，以及他們的年薪,年薪的欄位名為annual_year

select concat('<名字:',emp_name,'>    ','<薪資:',salary,'>') from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select emp_name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;

where約束

where字句中可以使用：

比較運算符：> < >= <= <> !=
between 80 and 100 值在80到100之間
in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
like 'e%'
通配符可以是%或_，
%表示任意多字元
_表示一個字元
邏輯運算符：在多個條件直接可以使用邏輯運算符 and or not

#1:單條件查詢
    SELECT emp_name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';
        
#2:多條件查詢
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;

#3:關鍵字BETWEEN AND
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
#4:關鍵字IS NULL(判斷某個欄位是否為NULL不能用等號，需要用IS)
    SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
        
    SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=''; 註意''是空字元串，不是null
    ps：
        執行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上條查看，就會有結果了

#5:關鍵字IN集合查詢
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

#6:關鍵字LIKE模糊查詢
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE emp_name LIKE 'eg%';

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE emp_name LIKE 'al__';

小練習：

1. 查看崗位是teacher的員工姓名、年齡
2. 查看崗位是teacher且年齡大於30歲的員工姓名、年齡
3. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資在9000-1000範圍內的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
4. 查看崗位描述不為NULL的員工信息
5. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
6. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資不是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
7. 查看崗位是teacher且名字是jin開頭的員工姓名、年薪

select emp_name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select emp_name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and emp_name like 'jin%';

group by

單獨使用GROUP BY關鍵字分組
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    註意：我們按照post欄位分組，那麼select查詢的欄位只能是post，想要獲取組內的其他相關信息，需要藉助函數

GROUP BY關鍵字和GROUP_CONCAT()函數一起使用
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照崗位分組，並查看組內成員名
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY與聚合函數一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照崗位分組，並查看每個組有多少人


強調：
如果我們用unique的欄位作為分組的依據，則每一條記錄自成一組，這種分組沒有意義
多條記錄之間的某個欄位值相同，該欄位通常用來作為分組的依據

聚合函數

#強調：聚合函數聚合的是組的內容，若是沒有分組，則預設一組

示例：
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
    SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;

小練習：

1. 查詢崗位名以及崗位包含的所有員工名字
2. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位內包含的員工個數
3. 查詢公司內男員工和女員工的個數
4. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的平均薪資
5. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最高薪資
6. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最低薪資
7. 查詢男員工與男員工的平均薪資，女員工與女員工的平均薪資

#題1：分組
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post;
#題目2：
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
#題目3：
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
#題目4：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
#題目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
#題目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
#題目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;

HAVING過濾

HAVING與WHERE不一樣的地方在於!!!!!!

#！！！執行優先順序從高到低：where > group by > having 
#1. Where 發生在分組group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意欄位，但是絕對不能使用聚合函數。
#2. Having發生在分組group by之後，因而Having中可以使用分組的欄位，無法直接取到其他欄位,可以使用聚合函數

select * from emp where salary > 100000;

mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;#錯誤，分組後無法直接取到salary欄位
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'

mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;

小練習：

1. 查詢各崗位內包含的員工個數小於2的崗位名、崗位內包含員工名字、個數
3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資
4. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000且小於20000的崗位名、平均工資

select post,group_concat(emp_name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;

ORDER BY 查詢排序

按單列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序，如果年紀相同，則按照薪資排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;

小練習：

1. 查詢所有員工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同則按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資升序排列
3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資降序排列

select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;

LIMIT 限制查詢的記錄數

示例：
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #預設初始位置為0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開始，即先查詢出第一條，然後包含這一條在內往後查5條

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開始，即先查詢出第6條，然後包含這一條在內往後查5條

小練習：

select * from  employee limit 0,5;
select * from  employee limit 5,5;
select * from  employee limit 10,5;

使用正則表達式查詢

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^ale';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}';


小結：對字元串匹配的方式
WHERE emp_name = 'egon';
WHERE emp_name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';