ThreadLocal翻譯成中文比較準確的叫法應該是:線程局部變數。 這個玩意有什麼用處,或者說為什麼要有這麼一個東東?先解釋一下,在併發編程的時候,成員變數如果不做任何處理其實是線程不安全的,各個線程都在操作同一個變數,顯然是不行的,並且我們也知道volatile這個關鍵字也是不能保證線程安全的。 ...
ThreadLocal翻譯成中文比較準確的叫法應該是:線程局部變數。
這個玩意有什麼用處,或者說為什麼要有這麼一個東東?先解釋一下,在併發編程的時候,成員變數如果不做任何處理其實是線程不安全的,各個線程都在操作同一個變數,顯然是不行的,並且我們也知道volatile這個關鍵字也是不能保證線程安全的。那麼在有一種情況之下,我們需要滿足這樣一個條件:變數是同一個,但是每個線程都使用同一個初始值,也就是使用同一個變數的一個新的副本。這種情況之下ThreadLocal就非常使用,比如說DAO的資料庫連接,我們知道DAO是單例的,那麼他的屬性Connection就不是一個線程安全的變數。而我們每個線程都需要使用他,並且各自使用各自的。這種情況,ThreadLocal就比較好的解決了這個問題。
我們從源碼的角度來分析這個問題。
首先定義一個ThreadLocal:
public class ConnectionUtil { private static ThreadLocal<Connection> tl = new ThreadLocal<Connection>(); private static Connection initConn = null; static { try { initConn = DriverManager.getConnection("url, name and password"); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public Connection getConn() { Connection c = tl.get(); if(null == c) tl.set(initConn); return tl.get(); } }
package java.lang; import java.lang.ref.*; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; public class ThreadLocal<T> { private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode(); private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode = new AtomicInteger(); private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647; private static int nextHashCode() { return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT); } protected T initialValue() { return null; } public ThreadLocal() { } public T get() { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) { ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this); if (e != null) return (T)e.value; } return setInitialValue(); } private T setInitialValue() { T value = initialValue(); Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) map.set(this, value); else createMap(t, value); return value; } public void set(T value) { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) map.set(this, value); else createMap(t, value); } public void remove() { ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread()); if (m != null) m.remove(this); } ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) { return t.threadLocals; } void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) { t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue); } static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) { return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap); } T childValue(T parentValue) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } static class ThreadLocalMap { static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal> { /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */ Object value; Entry(ThreadLocal k, Object v) { super(k); value = v; } } private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16; private Entry[] table; private int size = 0; private int threshold; // Default to 0 private void setThreshold(int len) { threshold = len * 2 / 3; } private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) { return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0); } private static int prevIndex(int i, int len) { return ((i - 1 >= 0) ? i - 1 : len - 1); } ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal firstKey, Object firstValue) { table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY]; int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1); table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue); size = 1; setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY); } private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) { Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table; int len = parentTable.length; setThreshold(len); table = new Entry[len]; for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) { Entry e = parentTable[j]; if (e != null) { ThreadLocal key = e.get(); if (key != null) { Object value = key.childValue(e.value); Entry c = new Entry(key, value); int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1); while (table[h] != null) h = nextIndex(h, len); table[h] = c; size++; } } } } private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal key) { int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1); Entry e = table[i]; if (e != null && e.get() == key) return e; else return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e); } private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal key, int i, Entry e) { Entry[] tab = table; int len = tab.length; while (e != null) { ThreadLocal k = e.get(); if (k == key) return e; if (k == null) expungeStaleEntry(i); else i = nextIndex(i, len); e = tab[i]; } return null; } private void set(ThreadLocal key, Object value) { Entry[] tab = table; int len = tab.length; int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1); for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) { ThreadLocal k = e.get(); if (k == key) { e.value = value; return; } if (k == null) { replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i); return; } } tab[i] = new Entry(key, value); int sz = ++size; if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold) rehash(); } private void remove(ThreadLocal key) { Entry[] tab = table; int len = tab.length; int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1); for (Entry e = tab[i]; e != null; e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) { if (e.get() == key) { e.clear(); expungeStaleEntry(i); return; } } } private void replaceStaleEntry(ThreadLocal key, Object value, int staleSlot) { Entry[] tab = table; int len = tab.length; Entry e; int slotToExpunge = staleSlot; for (int i = prevIndex(staleSlot, len); (e = tab[i]) != null; i = prevIndex(i, len)) if (e.get() == null) slotToExpunge = i; for (int i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len); (e = tab[i]) != null; i = nextIndex(i, len)) { ThreadLocal k = e.get(); if (k == key) { e.value = value; tab[i] = tab[staleSlot]; tab[staleSlot] = e; if (slotToExpunge == staleSlot) slotToExpunge = i; cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len); return; } if (k == null && slotToExpunge == staleSlot) slotToExpunge = i; } tab[staleSlot].value = null; tab[staleSlot] = new Entry(key, value); if (slotToExpunge != staleSlot) cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len); } private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) { Entry[] tab = table; int len = tab.length; tab[staleSlot].value = null; tab[staleSlot] = null; size--; Entry e; int i; for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len); (e = tab[i]) != null; i = nextIndex(i, len)) { ThreadLocal k = e.get(); if (k == null) { e.value = null; tab[i] = null; size--; } else { int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1); if (h != i) { tab[i] = null; while (tab[h] != null) h = nextIndex(h, len); tab[h] = e; } } } return i; } private boolean cleanSomeSlots(int i, int n) { boolean removed = false; Entry[] tab = table; int len = tab.length; do { i = nextIndex(i, len); Entry e = tab[i]; if (e != null && e.get() == null) { n = len; removed = true; i = expungeStaleEntry(i); } } while ( (n >>>= 1) != 0); return removed; } private void rehash() { expungeStaleEntries(); // Use lower threshold for doubling to avoid hysteresis if (size >= threshold - threshold / 4) resize(); } private void resize() { Entry[] oldTab = table; int oldLen = oldTab.length; int newLen = oldLen * 2; Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen]; int count = 0; for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) { Entry e = oldTab[j]; if (e != null) { ThreadLocal k = e.get(); if (k == null) { e.value = null; // Help the GC } else { int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1); while (newTab[h] != null) h = nextIndex(h, newLen); newTab[h] = e; count++; } } } setThreshold(newLen); size = count; table = newTab; } private void expungeStaleEntries() { Entry[] tab = table; int len = tab.length; for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) { Entry e = tab[j]; if (e != null && e.get() == null) expungeStaleEntry(j); } } } }
這樣子,都是用同一個連接,但是每個連接都是新的,是同一個連接的副本。
那麼實現機制是如何的呢?
1、每個Thread對象內部都維護了一個ThreadLocalMap這樣一個ThreadLocal的Map,可以存放若幹個ThreadLocal
/* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained * by the ThreadLocal class. */ ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
2、當我們在調用get()方法的時候,先獲取當前線程,然後獲取到當前線程的ThreadLocalMap對象,如果非空,那麼取出ThreadLocal的value,否則進行初始化,初始化就是將initialValue的值set到ThreadLocal中。
public T get() { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) { ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this); if (e != null) return (T)e.value; } return setInitialValue(); }
3、當我們調用set()方法的時候,很常規,就是將值設置進ThreadLocal中。
4、總結:當我們調用get方法的時候,其實每個當前線程中都有一個ThreadLocal。每次獲取或者設置都是對該ThreadLocal進行的操作,是與其他線程分開的。
5、應用場景:當很多線程需要多次使用同一個對象,並且需要該對象具有相同初始化值的時候最適合使用ThreadLocal。
6、其實說再多也不如看一下源碼來得清晰。如果要看源碼,其中涉及到一個WeakReference和一個Map,這兩個地方需要瞭解下,這兩個東西分別是a.Java的弱引用,也就是GC的時候會銷毀該引用所包裹(引用)的對象,這個threadLocal作為key可能被銷毀,但是只要我們定義成他的類不卸載,tl這個強引用就始終引用著這個ThreadLocal的,永遠不會被gc掉。b.和HashMap差不多。
事實上,從本質來講,就是每個線程都維護了一個map,而這個map的key就是threadLocal,而值就是我們set的那個值,每次線程在get的時候,都從自己的變數中取值,既然從自己的變數中取值,那肯定就不存線上程安全問題,總體來講,ThreadLocal這個變數的狀態根本沒有發生變化,他僅僅是充當一個key的角色,另外提供給每一個線程一個初始值。如果允許的話,我們自己就能實現一個這樣的功能,只不過恰好JDK就已經幫我們做了這個事情。
轉載自:http://www.cnblogs.com/dreamroute/p/5034726.html