數據分析當中讀取本地數據，txt，excel，csv，json，SQLite，SqLite_json等數據類型 ...
一、TXT文件操作
讀取全部內容
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
txt_filename = './files/python_wiki.txt'
# 打開文件
file_obj = open(txt_filename,'r')
# 讀取整個文件內容
all_content = file_obj.read()
# 關閉文件
file_obj.close()
print (all_content)
Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.[24][25] Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than possible in languages such as C++ or Java.[26][27] The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale.[28]
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.[29]
Python interpreters are available for many operating systems, allowing Python code to run on a wide variety of systems. CPython, the reference implementation of Python, is open source software[30] and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its variant implementations. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation.
逐行讀取
txt_filename = './files/python_wiki.txt'
# 打開文件
file_obj = open(txt_filename, 'r')
# 逐行讀取
line1 = file_obj.readline()
print (line1)
Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.[24][25] Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than possible in languages such as C++ or Java.[26][27] The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale.[28]
# 繼續讀下一行【不會全部讀完】
line2 = file_obj.readline()
print (line2)
# 關閉文件
file_obj.close()
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.[29]
讀取全部內容，返回列表
txt_filename = './files/python_wiki.txt'
# 打開文件
file_obj = open(txt_filename, 'r')
lines = file_obj.readlines()
for i, line in enumerate(lines):
print ('%i: %s' %(i, line))
# 關閉文件
file_obj.close()
0: Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.[24][25] Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than possible in languages such as C++ or Java.[26][27] The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale.[28]
1: Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.[29]
2: Python interpreters are available for many operating systems, allowing Python code to run on a wide variety of systems. CPython, the reference implementation of Python, is open source software[30] and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its variant implementations. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation.
寫操作
txt_filename = './files/test_write.txt'
# 打開文件
file_obj = open(txt_filename, 'w')
# 寫入全部內容
file_obj.write("《Python數據分析》")
file_obj.close()
txt_filename = './files/test_write.txt'
# 打開文件
file_obj = open(txt_filename, 'w')
# 寫入字元串列表
lines = ['這是第%i行\n' %n for n in range(10)]
file_obj.writelines(lines)
file_obj.close()
with語句
txt_filename = './files/test_write.txt'
with open(txt_filename, 'r') as f_obj:
print (f_obj.read())
這是第0行
這是第1行
這是第2行
這是第3行
這是第4行
這是第5行
這是第6行
這是第7行
這是第8行
這是第9行
二、CSV文件操作
pandas讀csv文件
根據路徑導入數據以及指定的列
import pandas as pd
filename = './files/presidential_polls.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(filename, usecols=['cycle', 'type', 'startdate'])#導入指定列
print (type(df))
print (df.head())
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
cycle type startdate
0 2016 polls-plus 10/25/2016
1 2016 polls-plus 10/27/2016
2 2016 polls-plus 10/27/2016
3 2016 polls-plus 10/20/2016
4 2016 polls-plus 10/20/2016
引用指定的列
cycle_se = df['cycle']
print (type(cycle_se))
print (cycle_se.head())
<class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>
0 2016
1 2016
2 2016
3 2016
4 2016
Name: cycle, dtype: int64
多層索引成dataframe類型
filename = './files/presidential_polls.csv'
df1 = pd.read_csv(filename,usecols=['cycle', 'type', 'startdate','state','grade'],index_col = ['state','grade'])
print(df1.head())
cycle type startdate
state grade
U.S. B 2016 polls-plus 10/25/2016
A+ 2016 polls-plus 10/27/2016
Virginia A+ 2016 polls-plus 10/27/2016
Florida A 2016 polls-plus 10/20/2016
U.S. B+ 2016 polls-plus 10/20/2016
跳過指定的行
filename = './files/presidential_polls.csv'
df2 = pd.read_csv(filename,usecols=['cycle', 'type', 'startdate','state','grade'],skiprows=[1, 2, 3])
print(df2.head())
cycle type state startdate grade
0 2016 polls-plus Florida 10/20/2016 A
1 2016 polls-plus U.S. 10/20/2016 B+
2 2016 polls-plus U.S. 10/22/2016 A
3 2016 polls-plus U.S. 10/26/2016 A-
4 2016 polls-plus Pennsylvania 10/25/2016 B-
pandas寫csv文件
·to_csv裡面的index參數作用？===可能是不要索引的意思。
filename = './files/pandas_output.csv'
df.to_csv(filename, index=None)
三、JSON文件操作
json讀操作
import json
filename = './files/global_temperature.json'
with open(filename, 'r') as f_obj:
json_data = json.load(f_obj)
# 返回值是dict類型
print (type(json_data))
<class 'dict'>
print (json_data.keys())
dict_keys(['description', 'data'])
json轉CSV
#print json_data['data'].keys()
print (json_data['data'].values())
dict_values(['-0.1247', '-0.0707', '-0.0710', '-0.1481', '-0.2099', '-0.2220', '-0.2101', '-0.2559', '-0.1541', '-0.1032', '-0.3233', '-0.2552', '-0.3079', '-0.3221', '-0.2828', '-0.2279', '-0.0971', '-0.1232', '-0.2578', '-0.1172', '-0.0704', '-0.1471', '-0.2535', '-0.3442', '-0.4240', '-0.2967', '-0.2208', '-0.3767', '-0.4441', '-0.4332', '-0.3862', '-0.4367', '-0.3318', '-0.3205', '-0.1444', '-0.0747', '-0.2979', '-0.3193', '-0.2118', '-0.2082', '-0.2152', '-0.1517', '-0.2318', '-0.2161', '-0.2510', '-0.1464', '-0.0618', '-0.1506', '-0.1749', '-0.2982', '-0.1016', '-0.0714', '-0.1214', '-0.2481', '-0.1075', '-0.1445', '-0.1173', '-0.0204', '-0.0318', '-0.0157', '0.0927', '0.1974', '0.1549', '0.1598', '0.2948', '0.1754', '-0.0013', '-0.0455', '-0.0471', '-0.0550', '-0.1579', '-0.0095', '0.0288', '0.0997', '-0.1118', '-0.1305', '-0.1945', '0.0538', '0.1145', '0.0640', '0.0252', '0.0818', '0.0924', '0.1100', '-0.1461', '-0.0752', '-0.0204', '-0.0112', '-0.0282', '0.0937', '0.0383', '-0.0775', '0.0280', '0.1654', '-0.0698', '0.0060', '-0.0769', '0.1996', '0.1139', '0.2288', '0.2651', '0.3024', '0.1836', '0.3429', '0.1510', '0.1357', '0.2308', '0.3710', '0.3770', '0.2982', '0.4350', '0.4079', '0.2583', '0.2857', '0.3420', '0.4593', '0.3225', '0.5185', '0.6335', '0.4427', '0.4255', '0.5455', '0.6018', '0.6145', '0.5806', '0.6583', '0.6139', '0.6113', '0.5415', '0.6354', '0.7008', '0.5759', '0.6219', '0.6687', '0.7402', '0.8990'])
# 轉換key
year_str_lst = json_data['data'].keys()
year_lst = [int(year_str) for year_str in year_str_lst]
print (year_lst)
[1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015]
# 轉換value
temp_str_lst = json_data['data'].values()
temp_lst = [float(temp_str) for temp_str in temp_str_lst]
print (temp_lst)
[-0.1247, -0.0707, -0.071, -0.1481, -0.2099, -0.222, -0.2101, -0.2559, -0.1541, -0.1032, -0.3233, -0.2552, -0.3079, -0.3221, -0.2828, -0.2279, -0.0971, -0.1232, -0.2578, -0.1172, -0.0704, -0.1471, -0.2535, -0.3442, -0.424, -0.2967, -0.2208, -0.3767, -0.4441, -0.4332, -0.3862, -0.4367, -0.3318, -0.3205, -0.1444, -0.0747, -0.2979, -0.3193, -0.2118, -0.2082, -0.2152, -0.1517, -0.2318, -0.2161, -0.251, -0.1464, -0.0618, -0.1506, -0.1749, -0.2982, -0.1016, -0.0714, -0.1214, -0.2481, -0.1075, -0.1445, -0.1173, -0.0204, -0.0318, -0.0157, 0.0927, 0.1974, 0.1549, 0.1598, 0.2948, 0.1754, -0.0013, -0.0455, -0.0471, -0.055, -0.1579, -0.0095, 0.0288, 0.0997, -0.1118, -0.1305, -0.1945, 0.0538, 0.1145, 0.064, 0.0252, 0.0818, 0.0924, 0.11, -0.1461, -0.0752, -0.0204, -0.0112, -0.0282, 0.0937, 0.0383, -0.0775, 0.028, 0.1654, -0.0698, 0.006, -0.0769, 0.1996, 0.1139, 0.2288, 0.2651, 0.3024, 0.1836, 0.3429, 0.151, 0.1357, 0.2308, 0.371, 0.377, 0.2982, 0.435, 0.4079, 0.2583, 0.2857, 0.342, 0.4593, 0.3225, 0.5185, 0.6335, 0.4427, 0.4255, 0.5455, 0.6018, 0.6145, 0.5806, 0.6583, 0.6139, 0.6113, 0.5415, 0.6354, 0.7008, 0.5759, 0.6219, 0.6687, 0.7402, 0.899]
import pandas as pd
# 構建 dataframe
year_se = pd.Series(year_lst, name = 'year')
temp_se = pd.Series(temp_lst, name = 'temperature')
result_df = pd.concat([year_se, temp_se], axis = 1)
print (result_df.head())
# 保存csv
result_df.to_csv('./files/json_to_csv.csv', index = None)
year temperature
0 1880 -0.1247
1 1881 -0.0707
2 1882 -0.0710
3 1883 -0.1481
4 1884 -0.2099
寫json操作
book_dict = [{'書名':'無聲告白', '作者':'伍綺詩'}, {'書名':'我不是潘金蓮', '作者':'劉震雲'}, {'書名':'沉默的大多數 (王小波集)', '作者':'王小波'}]
filename = './files/json_output.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
f_obj.write(json.dumps(book_dict, ensure_ascii=False))
# 不需要加, encoding='utf-8'參數
四、SQLite基本操作
連接資料庫
import sqlite3
db_path = './files/test.sqlite'
conn = sqlite3.connect(db_path)
cur = conn.cursor()
conn.text_factory = str # 處理中文
獲取基本信息
cur.execute('SELECT SQLITE_VERSION()')
print ('SQLite版本：%s' %str(cur.fetchone()[0]))
SQLite版本：3.30.0
逐條插入數據
cur.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS book")
cur.execute("CREATE TABLE book(id INT, name TEXT, price DOUBLE)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(1,'肖秀榮考研書系列:肖秀榮(2017)考研政治命題人終極預測4套捲',14.40)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(2,'法醫秦明作品集:幸存者+清道夫+屍語者+無聲的證詞+第十一根手指(套裝共5冊) (兩種封面隨機發貨)',100.00)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(3,'活著本來單純:豐子愷散文漫畫精品集(收藏本)',30.90)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(4,'自在獨行:賈平凹的獨行世界',26.80)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(5,'當你的才華還撐不起你的夢想時',23.00)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(6,'巨人的隕落(套裝共3冊)',84.90)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(7,'孤獨深處(收錄雨果獎獲獎作品《北京摺疊》)',21.90)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO book VALUES(8,'世界知名企業員工指定培訓教材:所謂情商高,就是會說話',22.00)")
<sqlite3.Cursor at 0x2d2d64e7c00>
批量插入數據
books = (
(9, '人間草木', 30.00),
(10,'你的善良必須有點鋒芒', 20.50),
(11, '這麼慢,那麼美', 24.80),
(12, '考拉小巫的英語學習日記:寫給為夢想而奮鬥的人(全新修訂版)', 23.90)
)
cur.executemany("INSERT INTO book VALUES(?, ?, ?)", books)
<sqlite3.Cursor at 0x2d2d64e7c00>
conn.commit()
查找數據
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM book')
rows = cur.fetchall()
# 通過索引號訪問
for row in rows:
print ('序號: %i, 書名: %s, 價格: %.2f' %(row[0], row[1], row[2]))
序號: 1, 書名: 肖秀榮考研書系列:肖秀榮(2017)考研政治命題人終極預測4套捲, 價格: 14.40
序號: 2, 書名: 法醫秦明作品集:幸存者+清道夫+屍語者+無聲的證詞+第十一根手指(套裝共5冊) (兩種封面隨機發貨), 價格: 100.00
序號: 3, 書名: 活著本來單純:豐子愷散文漫畫精品集(收藏本), 價格: 30.90
序號: 4, 書名: 自在獨行:賈平凹的獨行世界, 價格: 26.80
序號: 5, 書名: 當你的才華還撐不起你的夢想時, 價格: 23.00
序號: 6, 書名: 巨人的隕落(套裝共3冊), 價格: 84.90
序號: 7, 書名: 孤獨深處(收錄雨果獎獲獎作品《北京摺疊》), 價格: 21.90
序號: 8, 書名: 世界知名企業員工指定培訓教材:所謂情商高,就是會說話, 價格: 22.00
序號: 9, 書名: 人間草木, 價格: 30.00
序號: 10, 書名: 你的善良必須有點鋒芒, 價格: 20.50
序號: 11, 書名: 這麼慢,那麼美, 價格: 24.80
序號: 12, 書名: 考拉小巫的英語學習日記:寫給為夢想而奮鬥的人(全新修訂版), 價格: 23.90
conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM book')
rows = cur.fetchall()
# 通過列名訪問
for row in rows:
print ('序號: %i, 書名: %s, 價格: %.2f' %(row['id'], row['name'], row['price']))
序號: 1, 書名: 肖秀榮考研書系列:肖秀榮(2017)考研政治命題人終極預測4套捲, 價格: 14.40
序號: 2, 書名: 法醫秦明作品集:幸存者+清道夫+屍語者+無聲的證詞+第十一根手指(套裝共5冊) (兩種封面隨機發貨), 價格: 100.00
序號: 3, 書名: 活著本來單純:豐子愷散文漫畫精品集(收藏本), 價格: 30.90
序號: 4, 書名: 自在獨行:賈平凹的獨行世界, 價格: 26.80
序號: 5, 書名: 當你的才華還撐不起你的夢想時, 價格: 23.00
序號: 6, 書名: 巨人的隕落(套裝共3冊), 價格: 84.90
序號: 7, 書名: 孤獨深處(收錄雨果獎獲獎作品《北京摺疊》), 價格: 21.90
序號: 8, 書名: 世界知名企業員工指定培訓教材:所謂情商高,就是會說話, 價格: 22.00
序號: 9, 書名: 人間草木, 價格: 30.00
序號: 10, 書名: 你的善良必須有點鋒芒, 價格: 20.50
序號: 11, 書名: 這麼慢,那麼美, 價格: 24.80
序號: 12, 書名: 考拉小巫的英語學習日記:寫給為夢想而奮鬥的人(全新修訂版), 價格: 23.90
conn.close()
五、SQLite_json操作
import sqlite3
db_path = './files/test_join.sqlite'
conn = sqlite3.connect(db_path)
cur = conn.cursor()
# 建 depaetment 表，並插入數據
cur.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS department")
cur.execute("CREATE TABLE department(\
id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, \
dept CHAR(50) NOT NULL, \
emp_id INT NOT NULL)")
depts = (
(1, 'IT Builing', 1),
(2, 'Engineerin', 2),
(3, 'Finance', 7)
)
cur.executemany("INSERT INTO department VALUES(?, ?, ?)", depts)
<sqlite3.Cursor at 0x2d2d64f70a0>
conn.commit()
CROSS JOIN 交叉連接
cur.execute("SELECT emp_id, name, dept FROM company CROSS JOIN department;")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print (row)
# 建 company 表，並插入數據
cur.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS company")
cur.execute("CREATE TABLE company(\
id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, \
name CHAR(50) NOT NULL, \
age INT NOT NULL, \
address CHAR(50) NOT NULL,\
salary DOUBLE NOT NULL)")
companies = (
(1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.0),
(2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.0),
(3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.0),
(4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond', 65000.0),
(5, 'David', 27, 'Texas', 85000.0),
(6, 'Kim', 22, 'South-Hall', 45000.0),
(7, 'James', 24, 'Houston', 10000.0)
)
cur.executemany("INSERT INTO company VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)", companies)
<sqlite3.Cursor at 0x2d2d64f70a0>
INNER JOIN 內連接
cur.execute("SELECT emp_id, name, dept FROM company INNER JOIN department \
ON company.id = department.emp_id;")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print (row)
(1, 'Paul', 'IT Builing')
(2, 'Allen', 'Engineerin')
(7, 'James', 'Finance')
OUTER JOIN 外連接
# 左連接
cur.execute("SELECT emp_id, name, dept FROM company LEFT OUTER JOIN department \
ON company.id = department.emp_id;")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print (row)
(1, 'Paul', 'IT Builing')
(2, 'Allen', 'Engineerin')
(None, 'Teddy', None)
(None, 'Mark', None)
(None, 'David', None)
(None, 'Kim', None)
(7, 'James', 'Finance')
# 右連接 （目前不支持）
cur.execute("SELECT emp_id, name, dept FROM company RIGHT OUTER JOIN department \
ON company.id = department.emp_id;")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print (row)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OperationalError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-41-ce0fc573748b> in <module>
1 # 右連接 （目前不支持）
2 cur.execute("SELECT emp_id, name, dept FROM company RIGHT OUTER JOIN department \
----> 3 ON company.id = department.emp_id;")
4 rows = cur.fetchall()
5 for row in rows:
OperationalError: RIGHT and FULL OUTER JOINs are not currently supported
# 右連接，交換兩張表
cur.execute("SELECT emp_id, name, dept FROM department LEFT OUTER JOIN company \
ON company.id = department.emp_id;")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print (row)
(1, 'Paul', 'IT Builing')
(2, 'Allen', 'Engineerin')
(7, 'James', 'Finance')
sqlite> SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
File "<ipython-input-43-a0833b733075>", line 1
sqlite> SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
六、Excel文件操作
pandas.read_excel(io, sheet_name=0, header=0, names=None, index_col=None, usecols=None, squeeze=False, dtype=None, engine=None, converters=None, true_values=None, false_values=None, skiprows=None, nrows=None, na_values=None, keep_default_na=True, verbose=False, parse_dates=False, date_parser=None, thousands=None, comment=None, skipfooter=0, convert_float=True, mangle_dupe_cols=True, **kwds)
df_fujian = pd.read_excel("./datafiles/fujian.xlsx",sheet_name='日數據')
