Python—面向對象進階

isinstance和issubclass

isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是否是類 cls 的對象

class Foo(object):
     pass
  
obj = Foo()
  
isinstance(obj, Foo)

issubclass(sub, super)檢查sub類是否是 super 類的派生類

class Foo(object):
    pass
 
class Bar(Foo):
    pass
 
issubclass(Bar, Foo)

反射

1 什麼是反射

反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的，主要是指程式可以訪問、檢測和修改它本身狀態或行為的一種能力（自省）。這一概念的提出很快引發了電腦科學領域關於應用反射性的研究。它首先被程式語言的設計領域所採用,併在Lisp和麵向對象方面取得了成績。

2 python面向對象中的反射：通過字元串的形式操作對象相關的屬性。python中的一切事物都是對象（都可以使用反射）

四個可以實現自省的函數

下列方法適用於類和對象（一切皆對象，類本身也是一個對象）

def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass

def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
    """
    getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
    
    Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
    When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
    exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
    """
    pass

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
    """
    pass

def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
    
    delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
    """
    pass

class Foo:
    f = '類的靜態變數'
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print('hi,%s'%self.name)

obj=Foo('egon',73)

#檢測是否含有某屬性
print(hasattr(obj,'name'))
print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi'))

#獲取屬性
n=getattr(obj,'name')
print(n)
func=getattr(obj,'say_hi')
func()

print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #報錯

#設置屬性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__)
print(obj.show_name(obj))

#刪除屬性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,則報錯

print(obj.__dict__)

class Foo(object):
 
    staticField = "old boy"
 
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'wupeiqi'
 
    def func(self):
        return 'func'
 
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return 'bar'
 
print getattr(Foo, 'staticField')
print getattr(Foo, 'func')
print getattr(Foo, 'bar')

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import sys


def s1():
    print 's1'


def s2():
    print 's2'


this_module = sys.modules[__name__]

hasattr(this_module, 's1')
getattr(this_module, 's2')

導入其他模塊，利用反射查找該模塊是否存在某個方法

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

def test():
    print('from the test')

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
"""
程式目錄：
    module_test.py
    index.py
 
當前文件：
    index.py
"""

import module_test as obj

#obj.test()

print(hasattr(obj,'test'))

getattr(obj,'test')()

__str__和__repr__

改變對象的字元串顯示__str__,__repr__

自定製格式化字元串__format__

#_*_coding:utf-8_*_

format_dict={
    'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#學校名-學校地址-學校類型
    'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#學校類型:學校名:學校地址
    'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#學校類型/學校地址/學校名
}
class School:
    def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
        self.name=name
        self.addr=addr
        self.type=type

    def __repr__(self):
        return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
    def __str__(self):
        return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        # if format_spec
        if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
            format_spec='nat'
        fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
        return fmt.format(obj=self)

s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立')
print('from repr: ',repr(s1))
print('from str: ',str(s1))
print(s1)

'''
str函數或者print函數--->obj.__str__()
repr或者互動式解釋器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__沒有被定義,那麼就會使用__repr__來代替輸出
註意:這倆方法的返回值必須是字元串,否則拋出異常
'''
print(format(s1,'nat'))
print(format(s1,'tna'))
print(format(s1,'tan'))
print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))

class B:

     def __str__(self):
         return 'str : class B'

     def __repr__(self):
         return 'repr : class B'


b=B()
print('%s'%b)
print('%r'%b)

item系列

__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__

class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print('del obj[key]時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print('del obj.key時,我執行')
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)

__del__

析構方法，當對象在記憶體中被釋放時，自動觸發執行。

註：此方法一般無須定義，因為Python是一門高級語言，程式員在使用時無需關心記憶體的分配和釋放，因為此工作都是交給Python解釋器來執行，所以，析構函數的調用是由解釋器在進行垃圾回收時自動觸發執行的。

class Foo:

    def __del__(self):
        print('執行我啦')

f1=Foo()
del f1
print('------->')

#輸出結果
執行我啦
------->

__new__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1
        print('in init function')
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('in new function')
        return object.__new__(A)

a = A()
print(a.x)

class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)

__call__

對象後面加括弧，觸發執行。

註：構造方法的執行是由創建對象觸發的，即：對象 = 類名() ；而對於 __call__ 方法的執行是由對象後加括弧觸發的，即：對象() 或者 類()()

class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print('__call__')


obj = Foo() # 執行 __init__
obj()       # 執行 __call__

with和__enter__,__exit__

class A:
    def __enter__(self):
        print('before')

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print('after')


with A() as a:
    print('123')

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        print('init')
        
    def __enter__(self):
        print('before')

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print('after')


with A() as a:
    print('123')

class Myfile:
    def __init__(self,path,mode='r',encoding = 'utf-8'):
        self.path = path
        self.mode = mode
        self.encoding = encoding

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode=self.mode, encoding=self.encoding)
        return self.f

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()


with Myfile('file',mode='w') as f:
    f.write('wahaha')

import  pickle
class MyPickledump:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab')
        return self

    def dump(self,content):
        pickle.dump(content,self.f)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

class Mypickleload:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb')
        return self


    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

    def load(self):
         return pickle.load(self.f)


    def loaditer(self):
        while True:
            try:
                yield  self.load()
            except EOFError:
                break



# with MyPickledump('file') as f:
#      f.dump({1,2,3,4})

with Mypickleload('file') as f:
    for item in f.loaditer():
        print(item)

import  pickle
class MyPickledump:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab')
        return self

    def dump(self,content):
        pickle.dump(content,self.f)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

class Mypickleload:
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb')
        return self


    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

    def __iter__(self):
        while True:
            try:
                yield  pickle.load(self.f)
            except EOFError:
                break



# with MyPickledump('file') as f:
#      f.dump({1,2,3,4})

with Mypickleload('file') as f:
    for item in f:
        print(item)

__len__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))

__hash__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))

__eq__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)

class FranchDeck:
    ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
    suits = ['紅心','方板','梅花','黑桃']

    def __init__(self):
        self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
                                        for suit in FranchDeck.suits]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._cards)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self._cards[item]

deck = FranchDeck()
print(deck[0])
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
print(choice(deck))

class FranchDeck:
    ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2,11)] + list('JQKA')
    suits = ['紅心','方板','梅花','黑桃']

    def __init__(self):
        self._cards = [Card(rank,suit) for rank in FranchDeck.ranks
                                        for suit in FranchDeck.suits]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._cards)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self._cards[item]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self._cards[key] = value

deck = FranchDeck()
print(deck[0])
from random import choice
print(choice(deck))
print(choice(deck))

from random import shuffle
shuffle(deck)
print(deck[:5])

class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))

print(p_lst)
print