-L -Wl,-rpath-link -Wl,-rpath區別精講 ...
目錄
轉載請註明出處,謝謝 https://www.cnblogs.com/tianknight/p/10648021.html
前言
關於gcc這三個參數,參考了諸多文檔後,仍然理解上有偏差,仿照下麵博客中的方法,自己調試了一波,總算是理解了。還是建議大家動手實踐一下。
參考資料如下:
- https://blog.csdn.net/q1302182594/article/details/42102961
- https://blog.csdn.net/openme_openwrt/article/details/7860580
源碼準備
新建三個文件:test.c hello.c world.c ,其源碼依賴關係為:test.c 依賴 hello.c;hello.c 依賴 world.c
源碼內容
test.c
#include <stdio.h>
void world(void);
void hello(void)
{
printf("hello ");
world();
}
hello.c
#include<stdio.h>
void hello(void);
void main(void)
{
hello();
}
world.c
#include<stdio.h>
void world(void)
{
printf("world.\n");
}
嘗試編譯,保證源碼沒有問題
# -o 指定輸出文件
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c test.c world.c
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o hehe *.c
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hehe hello.c test.c world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ./hehe
hello world.
編譯
首先編譯world.c
# -shared 編譯鏈接庫
# -fPIC 我的理解是編譯鏈接庫時給代碼動態分配記憶體
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -shared -fPIC -o libworld.so world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c libworld.so test.c world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ldd libworld.so
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007ffd7498f000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fcb49815000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fcb49dea000)
#上述命令和下麵的等價,建議選取單條命令即可:gcc -shared -fPIC -o libworld.so world.c
# -c 只激活預處理,編譯,和彙編,也就是他只把程式做成obj文件
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -c -fPIC world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c test.c world.c world.o
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -shared -fPIC -o libworld.so world.o
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c libworld.so test.c world.c world.o
[root@localhost testc]# ldd libworld.so
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007ffd0dfa9000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f4357dcb000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f43583a0000)
編譯並鏈接hello.c
# -lxxx 指定需要動態鏈接的庫文件
# -L 指定動態連接庫文件的位置(編譯時)
# . 指當前路徑
# 下麵編譯出的libhello.so文件已經顯式依賴libworld.so文件,但是沒有找到libworld.so的位置
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -shared -fPIC -o libhello.so hello.c -lworld -L.
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c libhello.so libworld.so test.c world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ldd libhello.so
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007ffe61b89000)
libworld.so => not found
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007ff73cc1e000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007ff73d1f4000)
調試編譯test.c
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c libhello.so libworld.so test.c world.c
# 編譯出錯,提示找不到hello
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c
/tmp/ccQCWcSW.o: In function 'main':
test.c:(.text+0x5): undefined reference to 'hello'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
# 添加libhello.so的鏈接索引,並指定庫的搜索路徑為'.'(當前路徑)
# 依然編譯失敗,提示找不到libworld.so,該庫被libhello.so依賴,並提示建議使用-rpath 或 -rpath-link解決
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L.
/usr/bin/ld: warning: libworld.so, needed by ./libhello.so, not found (try using -rpath or -rpath-link)
./libhello.so: undefined reference to 'world'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
# 手動添加libworld.so的依賴,編譯通過,查看haha的鏈接庫,已經顯式指出依賴,但是沒有找到其位置
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L. -lworld
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff556ea000)
libhello.so => not found
libworld.so => not found
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f1ff0c97000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f1ff106b000)
# 執行編譯出的haha,執行報錯,提示找不到依賴庫
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha
./haha: error while loading shared libraries: libhello.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
#修改系統環境變數'LD_LIBRARY_PATH',增加索引庫的位置,查看依賴OK,執行haha, 結果OK, 清空'LD_LIBRARY_PATH'
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/testc/ && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
/home/testc/
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007ffd647d2000)
libhello.so => /home/testc/libhello.so (0x00007fb7aa063000)
libworld.so => /home/testc/libworld.so (0x00007fb7a9e60000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fb7a9a8e000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fb7aa266000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha
hello world.
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH= && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
# 將-lworld 替換為 -Wl,-rpath-link=. ,編譯OK,依然找不到索引庫,添加LD_LIBRARY_PATH後,執行OK
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L. -Wl,-rpath-link=.
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007ffdf67c0000)
libhello.so => not found
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fbdbb94b000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fbdbbd1f000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha
./haha: error while loading shared libraries: libhello.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/testc && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
/home/testc
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff89504000)
libhello.so => /home/testc/libhello.so (0x00007fc9e75c6000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fc9e71f3000)
libworld.so => /home/testc/libworld.so (0x00007fc9e6ff1000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fc9e77c9000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha
hello world.
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH= && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
# 將-Wl,-rpath-link=. 換成 -Wl,-rpath=. 編譯OK, 查看鏈接庫OK,執行OK
# 修改LD_LIBRARY_PATH後,鏈接庫的位置沒有變化
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L. -Wl,-rpath=.
[root@localhost testc]# ls
haha hello.c libhello.so libworld.so test.c world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff86195000)
libhello.so => ./libhello.so (0x00007f4c11254000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f4c10e81000)
libworld.so => ./libworld.so (0x00007f4c10c7f000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f4c11457000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha
hello world.
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/testc/ && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
/home/testc/
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha
linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007ffc9f36c000)
libhello.so => ./libhello.so (0x00007f35cf07c000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f35ceca9000)
libworld.so => ./libworld.so (0x00007f35ceaa7000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f35cf27f000)
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH= && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
結論
- 編譯時鏈接庫需要分為兩類: 直接引用 間接引用
- 直接引用 被源碼中直接調用的庫
- 間接引用 被調用庫的依賴庫
- -lxxx 指定具體的庫名稱,編譯時需要顯式指定直接引用的庫名稱
- -L 指定鏈接庫的位置,編譯時需要顯式指定直接引用的庫位置
- -Wl,-rpath-link ,用於編譯時指定間接引用的庫位置
如果知道所有間接引用的庫文件名稱,並且不嫌麻煩,也可以用-lxxx顯式指定每一個庫(不推薦-lxxx)- -Wl,-rpath ,有兩個作用:
- 用於編譯時指定間接引用的庫位置,作用同-Wl,-rpath-link
- 用於運行時指定所有引用庫的位置,作用同修改環境變數(LD_LIBRARY_PATH),並且庫路徑引用優先順序高於LD_LIBRARY_PATH
- 使用建議
- 編譯命令中使用-Wl,-rpath-link 指定間接引用庫位置(編譯時),使用-Wl,-rpath 指定引用庫位置(運行時)
- -Wl,-rpath-link 在 -Wl,-rpath 前