CentOS安裝MySQL-5.6.10+安全配置_ZenDei技術網路在線

CentOS 6.5 x86_64系統下安裝MySQL-5.6.10，並且根據生產環境需要做了一定的安全配置。 ...

註：以下所有操作均在CentOS 6.5 x86_64位系統下完成。

#準備工作#

在安裝MySQL之前，請確保已經使用yum安裝了各類基礎組件，具體見《CentOS安裝LNMP環境的基礎組件》。

然後創建mysql的用戶組和用戶，並且不允許登錄許可權：

# id mysql
id: mysql：無此用戶
# groupadd mysql
# useradd -g mysql -s /sbin/nologin mysql
# id mysql
uid=500(mysql) gid=500(mysql) 組=500(mysql)

#MySQL的安裝#

給MySQL的安裝準備目錄：

# mkdir -p /data/mysql/data
# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql

開始源碼安裝MySQL，make的時候大概要10分鐘左右：

# cd /usr/local/src
# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.10.tar.gz
# tar zxf mysql-5.6.10.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.6.10

# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10 -DSYSCONFDIR=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/etc -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/tmp/mysql.sock -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 -DMYSQL_USER=mysql -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql/data -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1

...
CMake Warning:
  Manually-specified variables were not used by the project:

    MYSQL_USER

-- Build files have been written to: /usr/local/src/mysql-5.6.10

# make && make install
# mkdir -p /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/etc
# mkdir -p /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/tmp
# ln -s /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/ /usr/local/mysql
# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10
# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql

給當前環境添加MySQL的bin目錄：

# vim /etc/profile

export MYSQL_HOME=/usr/local/mysql
export PATH=$PATH:$MYSQL_HOME/bin

$ source /etc/profile

執行初初始化配置腳本並創建系統自帶的資料庫和表：

# cd /usr/local/mysql
# scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data
...
OK

To start mysqld at boot time you have to copy
support-files/mysql.server to the right place for your system

PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MySQL root USER !
To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands:

  ./bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password'
  ./bin/mysqladmin -u root -h machinename password 'new-password'

Alternatively you can run:

  ./bin/mysql_secure_installation

which will also give you the option of removing the test
databases and anonymous user created by default.  This is
strongly recommended for production servers.

See the manual for more instructions.

You can start the MySQL daemon with:

  cd . ; ./bin/mysqld_safe &

You can test the MySQL daemon with mysql-test-run.pl

  cd mysql-test ; perl mysql-test-run.pl

Please report any problems with the ./bin/mysqlbug script!

The latest information about MySQL is available on the web at

  http://www.mysql.com

Support MySQL by buying support/licenses at http://shop.mysql.com

WARNING: Found existing config file ./my.cnf on the system.
Because this file might be in use, it was not replaced,
but was used in bootstrap (unless you used --defaults-file)
and when you later start the server.
The new default config file was created as ./my-new.cnf,
please compare it with your file and take the changes you need.

WARNING: Default config file /etc/my.cnf exists on the system
This file will be read by default by the MySQL server
If you do not want to use this, either remove it, or use the
--defaults-file argument to mysqld_safe when starting the server

註：由於MySQL在啟動的時候，會先去/etc/my.cnf找配置文件，如果沒有找到則搜索$basedir/my.cnf，也即/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/my.cnf，所以必須確保/etc/my.cnf沒有存在，否則可能導致無法啟動。

實際操作上發現系統上存在該文件，所以這裡可能需要將該文件先備份改名，然後再根據上面的配置寫配置文件：

# mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak

# vim /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/my.cnf
[mysqld]

basedir=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10
datadir=/data/mysql/data
socket=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/tmp/mysql.sock
user=mysql

sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES

修改MySQL用戶root的密碼，這裡使用mysqld_safe安全模式啟動：

# mysqld_safe --user=mysql --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking &

[1] 3970
[root@machinename ~]# 141230 19:02:31 mysqld_safe Logging to '/data/mysql/data/centos.err'.
141230 19:02:32 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/data

這個時候已經啟動了mysqd_safe安全模式，另開一個視窗作為客戶端連入MySQL伺服器：

# mysql

Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.6.10 Source distribution

Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> use mysql;
mysql> update user set password=password('yourpassword') where user='root';
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> exit;

修改完畢之後使用kill把mysqld_safe進程殺死：

# ps aux | grep mysql
root      3970  0.0  0.2 106308  1492 pts/1    S    19:02   0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking
mysql     4143  0.1 18.0 558280 90316 pts/1    Sl   19:02   0:00 /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10 --datadir=/data/mysql/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/lib/plugin --user=mysql --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking --log-error=/data/mysql/data/centos.err --pid-file=/data/mysql/data/centos.pid --socket=/usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/tmp/mysql.sock
root      4313  0.0  0.1 103252   836 pts/0    S+   19:05   0:00 grep mysql

# kill -9 3970
# kill -9 4143

或者回到剛纔啟動mysqld_safe的視窗ctrl+c將進程殺死也行。

複製服務啟動腳本：

# cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
# chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysqld

設置開機啟動MySQL服務並正常開啟MySQL服務（非必要項）：

# chkconfig mysqld on

# service mysqld
Usage: mysqld  {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status}  [ MySQL server options ]

# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.

以後就可以直接通過service mysqld命令來開啟/關閉MySQL資料庫了。

最後，建議生產環境下運行安全設置腳本，禁止root用戶遠程連接，移除test資料庫和匿名用戶等：

# /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10/bin/mysql_secure_installation

NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MySQL
      SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!  PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!

In order to log into MySQL to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user.  If you've just installed MySQL, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.

Enter current password for root (enter for none):

註：上面輸入的root密碼指的是前面設置的MySQL的root賬戶的密碼。

至此，MySQL資料庫已經安裝完畢。

#MySQL的安全配置#

1、確保啟動MySQL不能使用系統的root賬號，必須是新建的mysql賬號，比如：

# mysqld_safe --user=mysql

2、MySQL安裝好運行初始化資料庫後，預設的root賬戶密碼為空，必須給其設置一個密碼，同時保證該密碼具有較高的安全性。比如：

mysql> user mysql;
mysql> update user set password=password('yourpassword') where user='root';
mysql> flush privileges;

3、刪除預設資料庫及用戶：

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
mysql> drop daabase test;
mysql> use mysql;
mysql> select host,user from user;
+--------------+------+
| host         | user |
+--------------+------+
| 127.0.0.1    | root |
| ::1          | root |
| machinename  |      |
| machinename  | root |
| localhost    |      |
| localhost    | root |
+--------------+------+
mysql> delete from user where not(host='localhost' and user='root');
mysql> flush privileges;

註：上面的user表中的數據可能會有所不同。

4、當開髮網站連接資料庫的時候，建議建立一個用戶只針對某個庫有update/select/delete/insert/drop table/create table等許可權，減小某個項目的資料庫的用戶名和密碼被竊取後造成其他項目受影響，比如：

mysql>create database yourdbname default charset utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;
mysql>create user 'yourusername'@'localhost' identified by 'yourpassword';
mysql> grant select,insert,update,delete,create,drop privileges on yourdbname.* To 'yourusername'@localhost identified by 'yourpassword';

5、資料庫文件所在的目錄不允許未經授權的用戶訪問，需要控制對該目錄的訪問，比如：

# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql/data
# chmod -R go-rwx /data/mysql/data