當磁碟或者分區的容量超過16TB的時候，如何格式化呢？mkfs不能滿足需求。
File systems do have limits. Thats no surprise. ext3 had a limit at 16 TB file system size. If you needed more space you´d have to use another file system for instance XFS or JFS or spilt the capacity into multiple mount points.
ext4 was designed to allow far more larger file systems than ext3. According to wikipedia ext4 has a maximum file system size of 1 EiB (approx. one exabyte or 1024 TB).
Now if you´d try to create one single large file system with ext4 on every linux distribution out there (including OEL 6.1; as of 18th August 2011) you will end up with:
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/iscsi/test mke4fs 1.41.9 (22-Aug-2009) mkfs.ext4: Size of device /dev/iscsi/test too big to be expressed in 32 bit susing a blocksize of 4096.
This post is about how to solve the issue.
The demo system
My demo system consists of one large LUNof 18 TB encapsulated in LVM with a logical volume of 17 TB on a Oracle Enterprise Linux (OEL 5.5):
[root@localhost ~]# uname -a Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Mon Mar 29 22:10:29 EDT 2010 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.5 (Tikanga)
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 19791.2 GB, 19791209299968 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2406144 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table [root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay iscsi --- Volume group --- VG Name iscsi System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 2 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 18.00 TB PE Size 4.00 MB Total PE 4718591 Alloc PE / Size 4456448 / 17.00 TB Free PE / Size 262143 / 1024.00 GB VG UUID tdi4f2-3ZYr-c1P0-NuSl-i3w2-5qQl-K75guj
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay iscsi --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/iscsi/test VG Name iscsi LV UUID 8q1UrT-ludC-FEkT-NExO-4Gzd-cn5H-FYJcB1 LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 17.00 TB Current LE 4456448 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:2
Creating file systems larger than 16TB with ext4:
If you try to create a ext4 file system on the 17 TB logical volume:
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/iscsi/test mke4fs 1.41.9 (22-Aug-2009) mkfs.ext4: Size of device /dev/iscsi/test too big to be expressed in 32 bit susing a blocksize of 4096.
OK. Maybe with ext4dev:
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4dev /dev/iscsi/test mke4fs 1.41.9 (22-Aug-2009) mkfs.ext4dev: Size of device /dev/iscsi/test too big to be expressed in 32 bits using a blocksize of 4096.
Nope – no success. The reason behind that are the e2fsprogs (or how they are called on OEL: e4fsprogs) are not able to deal with file systems larger than ~ 16 TB.
To be specific: Even with the most recent e2fsprogs 1.41.14 there is no way to create file systems larger than 16 TB.
But: According to this post it should work since June:
It’s taken way too long, but I’ve finally finished integrating the 64-bit patches into e2fsprogs’s mainline repository. All of the necessary patches should now be in the master branch for e2fsprogs. The big change from before is that I replaced Val’s changes for fixing up how mke2fs picked the correct fs-type profile from mke2fs.conf with something that I think works much better and leaves the code much cleaner. With this change you need to add the following to your /etc/mke2fs.conf file if you want to enable the 64-bit feature flag automatically for a big disk:
[fs_types] ext4 = {
features = has_journal,extent,huge_file,flex_bg,uninit_bg,dir_nlink,extra_isize
auto_64-bit_support = 1 # <—- add this line
inode_size = 256
}Alternatively you can change the features line to include the feature “64bit”; this will force the use of the 64-bit fields, and double the size of the block group descriptors, even for smaller file systems that don’t require the 64-bit support. (This was one of my problems with Val’s implementation; it forced the mke2fs.conf file to always enable the 64-bit feature flag, which would cause backwards compatibility issues.) This might be a good thing to do for debugging purposes, though, so this is an option which I left open, but the better way of doing things is to use the auto_64-bit-support flag.
So the change must be there. A short look at the ‘WIP’ (work-in-progress) branch of the e2fsprogrs confirmed the integration.
So i tried to build the most recent e2fsprogs (Remeber: This are *development* tools – use at your OWN RISK):
[root@vm-mkmoel ~] git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git [root@vm-mkmoel ~]# cd e2fsprogs [root@vm-mkmoel e2fsprogs]# mkdir build ; cd build/ [root@vm-mkmoel build]# ../configure [root@vm-mkmoel build]# make [root@vm-mkmoel build]# make install
So let´s try to create a file system:
[root@vm-mkmoel misc]# ./mke2fs -O 64bit,has_journal,extents,huge_file,flex_bg, \ uninit_bg,dir_nlink,extra_isize -i 4194304 /dev/iscsi/test mke2fs 1.42-WIP (02-Jul-2011) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 4456448 inodes, 4563402752 blocks 228170137 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=6710886400 139264 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 32 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848, 512000000, 550731776, 644972544, 1934917632, 2560000000, 3855122432 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 0 mounts or 0 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
OK. Seems to have worked. Lets check it:
[root@vm-mkmoel misc]# mount /dev/iscsi/test /mnt
[root@vm-mkmoel misc]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 18G 2.6G 14G 16% / /dev/sda1 99M 13M 82M 14% /boot tmpfs 502M 0 502M 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/iscsi-test 17T 229M 17T 1% /mnt
[root@vm-mkmoel misc]# mount | grep mnt /dev/mapper/iscsi-test on /mnt type ext4 (rw)
As you can see: With the most recent development e2fsprogrs it is possible to create ext4 file systems larger than 16 TB.
I even tried it with a 50 TB file system (because thats what i needed i my use case):
[root@vm-mkmoel misc]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/iscsi-test 50T 237M 48T 1% /mnt
Update:
Today i tested some more user space tools.
fsck
Maybe the most important tool in case the journaling fails. I copied some data to the file system (roughly about 2 TB) and had 73% of my 6.5 million inodes (one inode per 8 MB) allocated. Running fsck on my demo system with 1 GB memory yields:
[root@vm-mkmoel ~]# fsck.ext4 -f /dev/iscsi/test e2fsck 1.42-WIP (02-Jul-2011) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Error allocating block bitmap (4): Memory allocation failed
fsck is some kind of messy with memory. Increasing the memory to 8 GB did it. While running fsck i noticed a memory consumption of up to 3.4 GB! So large file systems require a lot of memory for fscking. It requires even more memory with more inodes!
resize2fs
After fscking my file system i tried to resize it:
[root@localhost sbin]# lvresize -l +7199 /dev/iscsi/test Extending logical volume test to 50.00 TB Logical volume test successfully resized
[root@localhost sbin]# resize2fs /dev/iscsi/test resize2fs 1.42-WIP (02-Jul-2011) resize2fs: New size too large to be expressed in 32 bits
As you can see resizing the file system is not yet supported/implemented. So it would be wise to create the file system with the final size from start since growing is NOT possible!
tune2fs
tune2fs seems to work – at least it dumps the suberblock contents:
[root@localhost sbin]# tune2fs -l /dev/iscsi/test tune2fs 1.42-WIP (02-Jul-2011) Filesystem volume name: <none> Last mounted on: /mnt/mnt Filesystem UUID: a754e947-8b89-415d-909d-000e6c95c44a Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 6550000 Block count: 13414400000 Reserved block count: 670720000 Free blocks: 13394134177 Free inodes: 1484526 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1024 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 16 Inode blocks per group: 1 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Wed Oct 19 17:09:06 2011 Last mount time: Wed Oct 19 18:45:47 2011 Last write time: Wed Oct 19 18:45:47 2011 Mount count: 1 Maximum mount count: 20 Last checked: Wed Oct 19 18:35:36 2011 Check interval: 0 (<none>) Lifetime writes: 2511 MB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: ea117174-a04a-412e-a067-7972804f83d7 Journal backup: inode blocks
Setting properties works as well:
[root@localhost sbin]# tune2fs -L test /dev/iscsi/test tune2fs 1.42-WIP (02-Jul-2011)
[root@localhost sbin]# tune2fs -l /dev/iscsi/test | head -10 tune2fs 1.42-WIP (02-Jul-2011) Filesystem volume name: test Last mounted on: /mnt/mnt [...]
e4defrag
e4defrag is a new tool to defragment the ext4 file system. According to the man page:
e4defrag reduces fragmentation of extent based file. The file targeted by e4defrag is created on ext4 filesystem made with “-O extent” option (see mke2fs(8)). The targeted file gets more contiguous blocks and improves the file access speed.
I am not yet sure how this affects file systems used for oracle datafiles. All i can say is that e4defrag seems to work with >16 TB file systems:
[root@localhost sbin]# e4defrag /mnt/ ext4 defragmentation for directory(/mnt/) [....] Success: [ 4772040/5065465 ] Failure: [ 293425/5065465 ]
The failures are from directories which cannot be defragmented.
Conclusion
With the most recent e2fstools (1.42-WIP) it is possible to create ext4 file system larger than 16 TB.
If you do so remember the following:
- the tool is still in development – use at your own risk!
- tune the values for autocheck (after x mounts / after y days)
- adjust the “-i” switch which defnes the bytes/inode ratio; in the example above one inode is created for every 8 MB
- the more inodes you create the longer fsck takes and the more memory it needs
- Resizing the file system (growing / shrinking) is NOT possible at the moment
http://blog.ronnyegner-consulting.de/2011/08/18/ext4-and-the-16-tb-limit-now-solved/
