筆記 - C#從頭開始構建編譯器 - 3

視頻與PR：https://github.com/terrajobst/minsk/blob/master/docs/episode-03.md

作者是 Immo Landwerth（https://twitter.com/terrajobst），微軟 .NET 團隊的項目經理。

這一集前半段主要是重構代碼，後半段的主要內容：

1. 變數與賦值表達式

2. 加強診斷信息

Parser 非常清晰

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Minsk.CodeAnalysis.Syntax
{
    internal sealed class Parser
    {
        private readonly SyntaxToken[] _tokens;
        private int _position;
        private DiagnosticBag _diagnostics = new DiagnosticBag();

        public Parser(string text)
        {
            var tokens = new List<SyntaxToken>();

            var lexer = new Lexer(text);
            SyntaxToken token;
            do
            {
                token = lexer.Lex();
                if (token.Kind != SyntaxKind.WhiteSpaceToken && token.Kind != SyntaxKind.BadToken)
                    tokens.Add(token);
            } while (token.Kind != SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken);

            _tokens = tokens.ToArray();
            _diagnostics.AddRange(lexer.Diagnostics);
        }

        public DiagnosticBag Diagnostics => _diagnostics;

        private SyntaxToken Peek(int offset)
        {
            var index = _position + offset;
            if (index >= _tokens.Length)
                return _tokens[_tokens.Length - 1];
            return _tokens[index];
        }

        private SyntaxToken Current => Peek(0);

        private SyntaxToken NextToken()
        {
            var token = Current;
            _position++;
            return token;
        }

        private SyntaxToken MatchToken(SyntaxKind kind)
        {
            if (Current.Kind == kind)
                return NextToken();

            _diagnostics.ReportUnexpectedToken(Current.Span, Current.Kind, kind);
            return new SyntaxToken(kind, Current.Position, null, null);
        }

        public SyntaxTree Parse()
        {
            var expression = ParseExpression();
            var endOfFileToken = MatchToken(SyntaxKind.EndOfFileToken);
            return new SyntaxTree(_diagnostics, expression, endOfFileToken);
        }

        private ExpressionSyntax ParseExpression()
        {
            return ParseAssignmentExpression();
        }

        private ExpressionSyntax ParseAssignmentExpression()
        {
            if (Peek(0).Kind == SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken && Peek(1).Kind == SyntaxKind.EqualsToken)
            {
                var identifierToken = NextToken();
                var equalsToken = NextToken();
                var right = ParseAssignmentExpression();
                return new AssignmentExpressionSyntax(identifierToken, equalsToken, right);
            }

            return ParseBinaryExpression();
        }

        private ExpressionSyntax ParseBinaryExpression(int parentPrecedence = 0)
        {
            ExpressionSyntax left;
            var unaryOperatorPrecedence = Current.Kind.GetUnaryOperatorPrecedence();
            if (unaryOperatorPrecedence != 0 && unaryOperatorPrecedence >= parentPrecedence)
            {
                var operatorToken = NextToken();
                var operand = ParseBinaryExpression(unaryOperatorPrecedence);
                left = new UnaryExpressionSyntax(operatorToken, operand);
            }
            else
                left = ParsePrimaryExpression();

            while (true)
            {
                var precedence = Current.Kind.GetBinaryOperatorPrecedence();
                if (precedence == 0 || precedence <= parentPrecedence)
                    break;

                var operatorToken = NextToken();
                var right = ParseBinaryExpression(precedence);
                left = new BinaryExpressionSyntax(left, operatorToken, right);
            }

            return left;
        }

        private ExpressionSyntax ParsePrimaryExpression()
        {
            switch (Current.Kind)
            {
                case SyntaxKind.OpenParenthesisToken:
                {
                    var left = NextToken();
                    var expression = ParseExpression();
                    var right = MatchToken(SyntaxKind.CloseParenthesisToken);
                    return new ParenthesizedExpressionSyntax(left, expression, right);
                }

                case SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword:
                case SyntaxKind.FalseKeyword:
                {
                    var keywordToken = NextToken();
                    var value = keywordToken.Kind == SyntaxKind.TrueKeyword;
                    return new LiteralExpressionSyntax(keywordToken, value);
                }

                case SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken:
                {
                    var identifierToken = NextToken();
                    return new NameExpressionSyntax(identifierToken);
                }

                default:
                {
                    var numberToken = MatchToken(SyntaxKind.NumberToken);
                    return new LiteralExpressionSyntax(numberToken);
                }
            }

        }
    }
}

作為語義分析的 Binder 也非常清晰

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Minsk.CodeAnalysis.Syntax;

namespace Minsk.CodeAnalysis.Binding
{
    internal sealed class Binder
    {
        private readonly DiagnosticBag _diagnostics = new DiagnosticBag ();
        private readonly Dictionary<VariableSymbol, object> _variables;

        public Binder(Dictionary<VariableSymbol, object> variables)
        {
            _variables = variables;
        }

        public DiagnosticBag Diagnostics => _diagnostics;

        public BoundExpression BindExpression(ExpressionSyntax syntax)
        {
            switch (syntax.Kind)
            {
                case SyntaxKind.ParenthesizedExpression:
                    return BindParenthesizedExpression((ParenthesizedExpressionSyntax)syntax);
                case SyntaxKind.LiteralExpression:
                    return BindLiteralExpression((LiteralExpressionSyntax)syntax);
                case SyntaxKind.NameExpression:
                    return BindNameExpression((NameExpressionSyntax)syntax);
                case SyntaxKind.AssignmentExpression:
                    return BindAssignmentExpression((AssignmentExpressionSyntax)syntax);
                case SyntaxKind.UnaryExpression:
                    return BindUnaryExpression((UnaryExpressionSyntax)syntax);
                case SyntaxKind.BinaryExpression:
                    return BindBinaryExpression((BinaryExpressionSyntax)syntax);
                default:
                    throw new Exception($"Unexpected syntax {syntax.Kind}");
            }
        }

        private BoundExpression BindParenthesizedExpression(ParenthesizedExpressionSyntax syntax)
        {
            return BindExpression(syntax.Expression);
        }

        private BoundExpression BindLiteralExpression(LiteralExpressionSyntax syntax)
        {
            var value = syntax.Value ?? 0;
            return new BoundLiteralExpression(value);
        }

        private BoundExpression BindNameExpression(NameExpressionSyntax syntax)
        {
            var name = syntax.IdentifierToken.Text;
            var variable = _variables.Keys.FirstOrDefault(v => v.Name == name);
            if (variable == null)
            {
                _diagnostics.ReportUndefinedName(syntax.IdentifierToken.Span, name);
                return new BoundLiteralExpression(0);
            }

            return new BoundVariableExpression(variable);
        }

        private BoundExpression BindAssignmentExpression(AssignmentExpressionSyntax syntax)
        {
            var name = syntax.IdentifierToken.Text;
            var boundExpression = BindExpression(syntax.Expression);

            var existingVariable = _variables.Keys.FirstOrDefault(v => v.Name == name);
            if (existingVariable != null)
                _variables.Remove(existingVariable);

            var variable = new VariableSymbol(name, boundExpression.Type);
            _variables[variable] = null;

            return new BoundAssignmentExpression(variable, boundExpression);
        }

        private BoundExpression BindUnaryExpression(UnaryExpressionSyntax syntax)
        {
            var boundOperand = BindExpression(syntax.Operand);
            var boundOperator = BoundUnaryOperator.Bind(syntax.OperatorToken.Kind, boundOperand.Type);
            if (boundOperator == null)
            {
                _diagnostics.ReportUndefinedUnaryOperator(syntax.OperatorToken.Span, syntax.OperatorToken.Text, boundOperand.Type);
                return boundOperand;
            }
            return new BoundUnaryExpression(boundOperator, boundOperand);
        }

        private BoundExpression BindBinaryExpression(BinaryExpressionSyntax syntax)
        {
            var boundLeft = BindExpression(syntax.Left);
            var boundRight = BindExpression(syntax.Right);
            var boundOperator = BoundBinaryOperator.Bind(syntax.OperatorToken.Kind, boundLeft.Type, boundRight.Type);
            if (boundOperator == null)
            {
                _diagnostics.ReportUndefinedBinaryOperator(syntax.OperatorToken.Span, syntax.OperatorToken.Text, boundLeft.Type, boundRight.Type);
                return boundLeft;
            }
            return new BoundBinaryExpression(boundLeft, boundOperator, boundRight);
        }
    }
}

C#語言點：

public static class Enumerable
{
    public static TSource FirstOrDefault<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate);
}

FirstOrDefault 可以使用謂詞作為判斷條件，Binder 的 55 行使用了 Lambda 表達式。