http://toplchx.iteye.com/blog/2091860 使用EXPLAIN PostgreSQL為每個收到的查詢設計一個查詢規劃。選擇正確的匹配查詢結構和數據屬性的規劃對執行效率是至關重要要的,所以系統包含一個複雜的規劃器來試圖選擇好的規劃。你可以使用EXPLAIN命令查看查詢規 ...
http://toplchx.iteye.com/blog/2091860 使用EXPLAIN PostgreSQL為每個收到的查詢設計一個查詢規劃。選擇正確的匹配查詢結構和數據屬性的規劃對執行效率是至關重要要的,所以系統包含一個複雜的規劃器來試圖選擇好的規劃。你可以使用EXPLAIN命令查看查詢規劃器創建的任何查詢。閱讀查詢規劃是一門藝術,需要掌握一定的經驗,本節試圖涵蓋一些基礎知識。 以下的例子來自PostgreSQL 9.3開發版。 EXPLAIN基礎 查詢規劃是以規劃為節點的樹形結構。樹的最底節點是掃描節點:他返回表中的原數據行。 不同的表有不同的掃描節點類型:順序掃描,索引掃描和點陣圖索引掃描。 也有非表列源,如VALUES子句並設置FROM返回,他們有自己的掃描類型。 如果查詢需要關聯,聚合,排序或其他操作,會在掃描節點之上增加節點執行這些操作。通常有不只一種可能的方式做這些操作,所以可能出現不同的節點類型。 EXPLAIN的輸出是每個樹節點顯示一行,內容是基本節點類型和執行節點的消耗評估。可能會楚翔其他行,從彙總行節點縮進顯示節點的其他屬性。第一行(最上節點的彙總行)是評估執行計劃的總消耗,這個值越小越好。 下麵是一個簡單的例子: Sql代碼
- EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tenk1;
- QUERY PLAN
- -------------------------------------------------------------
- Seq Scan on tenk1 (cost=0.00..458.00 rows=10000 width=244)
- 評估開始消耗。這是可以開始輸出前的時間,比如排序節點的排序的時間。
- 評估總消耗。假設查詢從執行到結束的時間。有時父節點可能停止這個過程,比如LIMIT子句。
- 評估查詢節點的輸出行數,假設該節點執行結束。
- 評估查詢節點的輸出行的平均位元組數。
- EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 7000;
- QUERY PLAN
- ------------------------------------------------------------
- Seq Scan on tenk1 (cost=0.00..483.00 rows=7001 width=244)
- Filter: (unique1 < 7000)
- EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 100;
- QUERY PLAN
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 (cost=5.07..229.20 rows=101 width=244)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..5.04 rows=101 width=0)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 100 AND stringu1 = 'xxx';
- QUERY PLAN
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 (cost=5.04..229.43 rows=1 width=244)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- Filter: (stringu1 = 'xxx'::name)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..5.04 rows=101 width=0)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 100 AND unique2 > 9000;
- QUERY PLAN
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 (cost=25.08..60.21 rows=10 width=244)
- Recheck Cond: ((unique1 < 100) AND (unique2 > 9000))
- -> BitmapAnd (cost=25.08..25.08 rows=10 width=0)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..5.04 rows=101 width=0)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique2 (cost=0.00..19.78 rows=999 width=0)
- Index Cond: (unique2 > 9000)
- EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 100 AND unique2 > 9000 LIMIT 2;
- QUERY PLAN
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Limit (cost=0.29..14.48 rows=2 width=244)
- -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 (cost=0.29..71.27 rows=10 width=244)
- Index Cond: (unique2 > 9000)
- Filter: (unique1 < 100)
- EXPLAIN SELECT *
- FROM tenk1 t1, tenk2 t2
- WHERE t1.unique1 < 10 AND t1.unique2 = t2.unique2;
- QUERY PLAN
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Nested Loop (cost=4.65..118.62 rows=10 width=488)
- -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t1 (cost=4.36..39.47 rows=10 width=244)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 10)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..4.36 rows=10 width=0)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 10)
- -> Index Scan using tenk2_unique2 on tenk2 t2 (cost=0.29..7.91 rows=1 width=244)
- Index Cond: (unique2 = t1.unique2)
- EXPLAIN SELECT *
- FROM tenk1 t1, tenk2 t2
- WHERE t1.unique1 < 10 AND t2.unique2 < 10 AND t1.hundred < t2.hundred;
- QUERY PLAN
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Nested Loop (cost=4.65..49.46 rows=33 width=488)
- Join Filter: (t1.hundred < t2.hundred)
- -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t1 (cost=4.36..39.47 rows=10 width=244)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 10)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..4.36 rows=10 width=0)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 10)
- -> Materialize (cost=0.29..8.51 rows=10 width=244)
- -> Index Scan using tenk2_unique2 on tenk2 t2 (cost=0.29..8.46 rows=10 width=244)
- Index Cond: (unique2 < 10)
- EXPLAIN SELECT *
- FROM tenk1 t1, tenk2 t2
- WHERE t1.unique1 < 100 AND t1.unique2 = t2.unique2;
- QUERY PLAN
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Hash Join (cost=230.47..713.98 rows=101 width=488)
- Hash Cond: (t2.unique2 = t1.unique2)
- -> Seq Scan on tenk2 t2 (cost=0.00..445.00 rows=10000 width=244)
- -> Hash (cost=229.20..229.20 rows=101 width=244)
- -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t1 (cost=5.07..229.20 rows=101 width=244)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..5.04 rows=101 width=0)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- EXPLAIN SELECT *
- FROM tenk1 t1, onek t2
- WHERE t1.unique1 < 100 AND t1.unique2 = t2.unique2;
- QUERY PLAN
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Merge Join (cost=198.11..268.19 rows=10 width=488)
- Merge Cond: (t1.unique2 = t2.unique2)
- -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t1 (cost=0.29..656.28 rows=101 width=244)
- Filter: (unique1 < 100)
- -> Sort (cost=197.83..200.33 rows=1000 width=244)
- Sort Key: t2.unique2
- -> Seq Scan on onek t2 (cost=0.00..148.00 rows=1000 width=244)
- SET enable_sort = off;
- EXPLAIN SELECT *
- FROM tenk1 t1, onek t2
- WHERE t1.unique1 < 100 AND t1.unique2 = t2.unique2;
- QUERY PLAN
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Merge Join (cost=0.56..292.65 rows=10 width=488)
- Merge Cond: (t1.unique2 = t2.unique2)
- -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t1 (cost=0.29..656.28 rows=101 width=244)
- Filter: (unique1 < 100)
- -> Index Scan using onek_unique2 on onek t2 (cost=0.28..224.79 rows=1000 width=244)
- EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT *
- FROM tenk1 t1, tenk2 t2
- WHERE t1.unique1 < 10 AND t1.unique2 = t2.unique2;
- QUERY PLAN
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Nested Loop (cost=4.65..118.62 rows=10 width=488) (actual time=0.128..0.377 rows=10 loops=1)
- -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t1 (cost=4.36..39.47 rows=10 width=244) (actual time=0.057..0.121 rows=10 loops=1)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 10)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..4.36 rows=10 width=0) (actual time=0.024..0.024 rows=10 loops=1)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 10)
- -> Index Scan using tenk2_unique2 on tenk2 t2 (cost=0.29..7.91 rows=1 width=244) (actual time=0.021..0.022 rows=1 loops=10)
- Index Cond: (unique2 = t1.unique2)
- Total runtime: 0.501 ms
- EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT *
- FROM tenk1 t1, tenk2 t2
- WHERE t1.unique1 < 100 AND t1.unique2 = t2.unique2 ORDER BY t1.fivethous;
- QUERY PLAN
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Sort (cost=717.34..717.59 rows=101 width=488) (actual time=7.761..7.774 rows=100 loops=1)
- Sort Key: t1.fivethous
- Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 77kB
- -> Hash Join (cost=230.47..713.98 rows=101 width=488) (actual time=0.711..7.427 rows=100 loops=1)
- Hash Cond: (t2.unique2 = t1.unique2)
- -> Seq Scan on tenk2 t2 (cost=0.00..445.00 rows=10000 width=244) (actual time=0.007..2.583 rows=10000 loops=1)
- -> Hash (cost=229.20..229.20 rows=101 width=244) (actual time=0.659..0.659 rows=100 loops=1)
- Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 28kB
- -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t1 (cost=5.07..229.20 rows=101 width=244) (actual time=0.080..0.526 rows=100 loops=1)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..5.04 rows=101 width=0) (actual time=0.049..0.049 rows=100 loops=1)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- Total runtime: 8.008 ms
- EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE ten < 7;
- QUERY PLAN
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Seq Scan on tenk1 (cost=0.00..483.00 rows=7000 width=244) (actual time=0.016..5.107 rows=7000 loops=1)
- Filter: (ten < 7)
- Rows Removed by Filter: 3000
- Total runtime: 5.905 ms
- EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM polygon_tbl WHERE f1 @> polygon '(0.5,2.0)';
- QUERY PLAN
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Seq Scan on polygon_tbl (cost=0.00..1.05 rows=1 width=32) (actual time=0.044..0.044 rows=0 loops=1)
- Filter: (f1 @> '((0.5,2))'::polygon)
- Rows Removed by Filter: 4
- Total runtime: 0.083 ms
- SET enable_seqscan TO off;
- EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM polygon_tbl WHERE f1 @> polygon '(0.5,2.0)';
- QUERY PLAN
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Index Scan using gpolygonind on polygon_tbl (cost=0.13..8.15 rows=1 width=32) (actual time=0.062..0.062 rows=0 loops=1)
- Index Cond: (f1 @> '((0.5,2))'::polygon)
- Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 1
- Total runtime: 0.144 ms
- EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 100 AND unique2 > 9000;
- QUERY PLAN
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 (cost=25.08..60.21 rows=10 width=244) (actual time=0.323..0.342 rows=10 loops=1)
- Recheck Cond: ((unique1 < 100) AND (unique2 > 9000))
- Buffers: shared hit=15
- -> BitmapAnd (cost=25.08..25.08 rows=10 width=0) (actual time=0.309..0.309 rows=0 loops=1)
- Buffers: shared hit=7
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..5.04 rows=101 width=0) (actual time=0.043..0.043 rows=100 loops=1)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- Buffers: shared hit=2
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique2 (cost=0.00..19.78 rows=999 width=0) (actual time=0.227..0.227 rows=999 loops=1)
- Index Cond: (unique2 > 9000)
- Buffers: shared hit=5
- Total runtime: 0.423 ms
- BEGIN;
- EXPLAIN ANALYZE UPDATE tenk1 SET hundred = hundred + 1 WHERE unique1 < 100;
- QUERY PLAN
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on tenk1 (cost=5.07..229.46 rows=101 width=250) (actual time=14.628..14.628 rows=0 loops=1)
- -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 (cost=5.07..229.46 rows=101 width=250) (actual time=0.101..0.439 rows=100 loops=1)
- Recheck Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 (cost=0.00..5.04 rows=101 width=0) (actual time=0.043..0.043 rows=100 loops=1)
- Index Cond: (unique1 < 100)
- Total runtime: 14.727 ms
- ROLLBACK;