線上上進行DDL操作時,相對於其可能帶來的系統負載,其實,我們最擔心的還是MDL其可能導致的阻塞問題。 一旦DDL操作因獲取不到MDL被阻塞,後續其它針對該表的其它操作都會被阻塞。典型如下,如阻塞稍久的話,我們會看到Threads_running飆升,CPU告警。 如果發生線上上,無疑會影響到業務。 ...
線上上進行DDL操作時,相對於其可能帶來的系統負載,其實,我們最擔心的還是MDL其可能導致的阻塞問題。
一旦DDL操作因獲取不到MDL被阻塞,後續其它針對該表的其它操作都會被阻塞。典型如下,如阻塞稍久的話,我們會看到Threads_running飆升,CPU告警。
mysql> show processlist; +----+-----------------+-----------+-----------+---------+------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+-----------------+-----------+-----------+---------+------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+ | 4 | event_scheduler | localhost | NULL | Daemon | 122 | Waiting on empty queue | NULL | | 9 | root | localhost | NULL | Sleep | 57 | | NULL | | 12 | root | localhost | employees | Query | 40 | Waiting for table metadata lock | alter table slowtech.t1 add c1 int | | 13 | root | localhost | employees | Query | 35 | Waiting for table metadata lock | select * from slowtech.t1 | | 14 | root | localhost | employees | Query | 30 | Waiting for table metadata lock | select * from slowtech.t1 | | 15 | root | localhost | employees | Query | 19 | Waiting for table metadata lock | select * from slowtech.t1 | | 16 | root | localhost | employees | Query | 10 | Waiting for table metadata lock | select * from slowtech.t1 | | 17 | root | localhost | employees | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist | +----+-----------------+-----------+-----------+---------+------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果發生線上上,無疑會影響到業務。所以,一般建議將DDL操作放到業務低峰期做,其實有兩方面的考慮,1. 避免對系統負載產生較大影響。2. 減少DDL被阻塞的概率。
MDL引入的背景
MDL是MySQL 5.5.3引入的,主要用於解決兩個問題,
RR事務隔離級別下不可重覆讀的問題
如下所示,演示環境,MySQL 5.5.0。
session1> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) session1> select * from t1; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | b | +------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) session2> alter table t1 add c1 int; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 session1> select * from t1; Empty set (0.00 sec) session1> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) session1> select * from t1; +------+------+------+ | id | name | c1 | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | NULL | | 2 | b | NULL | +------+------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到,雖然是RR隔離級別,但在開啟事務的情況下,第二次查詢卻沒有結果。
主從複製問題
包括主從數據不一致,主從複製中斷等。
如下麵的主從數據不一致。
session1> create table t1(id int,name varchar(10)) engine=innodb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) session1> begin; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) session1> insert into t1 values(1,'a'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) session2> truncate table t1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec) session1> commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec) session1> select * from t1; Empty set (0.00 sec)
再來看看從庫的結果
session1> select * from slowtech.t1; +------+------+------+ | id | name | c1 | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | NULL | +------+------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
看看binlog的內容,可以看到,truncate操作記錄在前,insert操作記錄在後。
# at 7140 #180714 19:32:14 server id 1 end_log_pos 7261 Query thread_id=31 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1531567934/*!*/; create table t1(id int,name varchar(10)) engine=innodb /*!*/; # at 7261 #180714 19:32:30 server id 1 end_log_pos 7333 Query thread_id=32 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1531567950/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 7333 #180714 19:32:30 server id 1 end_log_pos 7417 Query thread_id=32 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1531567950/*!*/; truncate table t1 /*!*/; # at 7417 #180714 19:32:30 server id 1 end_log_pos 7444 Xid = 422 COMMIT/*!*/; # at 7444 #180714 19:32:34 server id 1 end_log_pos 7516 Query thread_id=31 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1531567954/*!*/; BEGIN /*!*/; # at 7516 #180714 19:32:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 7611 Query thread_id=31 exec_time=0 error_code=0 SET TIMESTAMP=1531567944/*!*/; insert into t1 values(1,'a') /*!*/; # at 7611 #180714 19:32:34 server id 1 end_log_pos 7638 Xid = 421 COMMIT/*!*/;
如果會話2執行的是drop table操作,還會導致主從中斷。
有意思的是,如果會話2執行的是alter table操作,其依舊會被阻塞,阻塞時間受innodb_lock_wait_timeout參數限制。
mysql> show processlist; +----+------+-----------+----------+---------+------+-------------------+---------------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+------+-----------+----------+---------+------+-------------------+---------------------------+ | 54 | root | localhost | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist | | 58 | root | localhost | slowtech | Sleep | 1062 | | NULL | | 60 | root | localhost | slowtech | Query | 11 | copy to tmp table | alter table t1 add c1 int | +----+------+-----------+----------+---------+------+-------------------+---------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MDL的基本概念
首先,看看官方的說法,
To ensure transaction serializability, the server must not permit one session to perform a data definition language (DDL) statement on a table that is used in an uncompleted explicitly or implicitly started transaction in another session. The server achieves this by acquiring metadata locks on tables used within a transaction and deferring release of those locks until the transaction ends. A metadata lock on a table prevents changes to the table's structure. This locking approach has the implication that a table that is being used by a transaction within one session cannot be used in DDL statements by other sessions until the transaction ends.
從上面的描述可以看到,
1. MDL出現的初衷就是為了保護一個處於事務中的表的結構不被修改。
2. 這裡提到的事務包括兩類,顯式事務和AC-NL-RO(auto-commit non-locking read-only)事務。顯式事務包括兩類:1. 關閉AutoCommit下的操作,2. 以begin或start transaction開始的操作。AC-NL-RO可理解為AutoCommit開啟下的select操作。
3. MDL是事務級別的,只有在事務結束後才會釋放。在此之前,其實也有類似的保護機制,只不過是語句級別的。
需要註意的是,MDL不僅僅適用於表,同樣也適用於其它對象,如下表所示,其中,"等待狀態"對應的是"show processlist"中的State。
為了提高資料庫的併發度,MDL被細分為了11種類型。
-
MDL_INTENTION_EXCLUSIVE
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MDL_SHARED
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MDL_SHARED_HIGH_PRIO
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MDL_SHARED_READ
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MDL_SHARED_WRITE
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MDL_SHARED_WRITE_LOW_PRIO
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MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE
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MDL_SHARED_READ_ONLY
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MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE
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MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE
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MDL_EXCLUSIVE
常用的有MDL_SHARED_READ,MDL_SHARE D_WRITE及MDL_EXCLUSIVE,其分別用於SELECT操作,DML操作及DDL操作。其它類型的對應操作可參考源碼sql/mdl.h。
對於MDL_EXCLUSIVE,官方的解釋是,
/* An exclusive metadata lock. A connection holding this lock can modify both table's metadata and data. No other type of metadata lock can be granted while this lock is held. To be used for CREATE/DROP/RENAME TABLE statements and for execution of certain phases of other DDL statements. */
簡而言之,MDL_EXCLUSIVE是獨占鎖,在其持有期間是不允許其它類型的MDL被授予,自然也包括SELECT和DML操作。
這也就是為什麼DDL操作被阻塞時,後續其它操作也會被阻塞。
關於MDL的補充
1. MDL的最大等待時間由lock_wait_timeout參數決定,其預設值為31536000(365天)。在使用工具進行DDL操作時,這個值就不太合理。事實上,pt-online-schema-change和gh-ost對其就進行了相應的調整,其中,前者60s,後者3s。
2. 如果一個SQL語法上有效,但執行時報錯,如,列名不存在,其同樣會獲取MDL鎖,直到事務結束才釋放。