Explain簡介 本文主要講述如何通過 explain 命令獲取 select 語句的執行計劃,通過 explain 我們可以知道以下信息:表的讀取順序,數據讀取操作的類型,哪些索引可以使用,哪些索引實際使用了,表之間的引用,每張表有多少行被優化器查詢等信息。 下麵是使用 explain 的例子: ...
Explain簡介
本文主要講述如何通過 explain 命令獲取 select 語句的執行計劃,通過 explain 我們可以知道以下信息:表的讀取順序,數據讀取操作的類型,哪些索引可以使用,哪些索引實際使用了,表之間的引用,每張表有多少行被優化器查詢等信息。
下麵是使用 explain 的例子:
在 select 語句之前增加 explain 關鍵字,MySQL 會在查詢上設置一個標記,執行查詢時,會返回執行計劃的信息,而不是執行這條SQL(如果 from 中包含子查詢,仍會執行該子查詢,將結果放入臨時表中)。
mysql> explain select * from actor; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
在查詢中的每個表會輸出一行,如果有兩個表通過 join 連接查詢,那麼會輸出兩行。表的意義相當廣泛:可以是子查詢、一個 union 結果等。
explain 有兩個變種:
1)explain extended:會在 explain 的基礎上額外提供一些查詢優化的信息。緊隨其後通過 show warnings 命令可以 得到優化後的查詢語句,從而看出優化器優化了什麼。額外還有 filtered 列,是一個半分比的值,rows * filtered/100 可以估算出將要和 explain 中前一個表進行連接的行數(前一個表指 explain 中的id值比當前表id值小的表)。
mysql> explain extended select * from film where id = 1;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'film1' AS `name` from `test`.`film` where 1 |
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2)explain partitions:相比 explain 多了個 partitions 欄位,如果查詢是基於分區表的話,會顯示查詢將訪問的分區。
explain 中的列
接下來我們將展示 explain 中每個列的信息。
1. id列
id列的編號是 select 的序列號,有幾個 select 就有幾個id,並且id的順序是按 select 出現的順序增長的。MySQL將 select 查詢分為簡單查詢和複雜查詢。複雜查詢分為三類:簡單子查詢、派生表(from語句中的子查詢)、union 查詢。
1)簡單子查詢
mysql> explain select (select 1 from actor limit 1) from film; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 32 | NULL | 1 | Using index | | 2 | SUBQUERY | actor | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
2)from子句中的子查詢
mysql> explain select id from (select id from film) as der; +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL | | 2 | DERIVED | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 32 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
這個查詢執行時有個臨時表別名為der,外部 select 查詢引用了這個臨時表
3)union查詢
mysql> explain select 1 union all select 1; +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | 2 | UNION | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
union結果總是放在一個匿名臨時表中,臨時表不在SQL總出現,因此它的id是NULL。
2. select_type列
select_type 表示對應行是是簡單還是複雜的查詢,如果是複雜的查詢,又是上述三種複雜查詢中的哪一種。
1)simple:簡單查詢。查詢不包含子查詢和union
mysql> explain select * from film where id = 2; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
2)primary:複雜查詢中最外層的 select
3)subquery:包含在 select 中的子查詢(不在 from 子句中)
4)derived:包含在 from 子句中的子查詢。MySQL會將結果存放在一個臨時表中,也稱為派生表(derived的英文含義)
用這個例子來瞭解 primary、subquery 和 derived 類型
mysql> explain select (select 1 from actor where id = 1) from (select * from film where id = 1) der; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived3> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | NULL | | 3 | DERIVED | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL | | 2 | SUBQUERY | actor | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
5)union:在 union 中的第二個和隨後的 select
6)union result:從 union 臨時表檢索結果的 select
用這個例子來瞭解 union 和 union result 類型:
mysql> explain select 1 union all select 1; +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | 2 | UNION | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
3. table列
這一列表示 explain 的一行正在訪問哪個表。
當 from 子句中有子查詢時,table列是 <derivenN> 格式,表示當前查詢依賴 id=N 的查詢,於是先執行 id=N 的查詢。當有 union 時,UNION RESULT 的 table 列的值為 <union1,2>,1和2表示參與 union 的 select 行id。
4. type列
這一列表示關聯類型或訪問類型,即MySQL決定如何查找表中的行。
依次從最優到最差分別為:system > const > eq_ref > ref > fulltext > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL
NULL:mysql能夠在優化階段分解查詢語句,在執行階段用不著再訪問表或索引。例如:在索引列中選取最小值,可以單獨查找索引來完成,不需要在執行時訪問表
mysql> explain select min(id) from film; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Select tables optimized away | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
const, system
:mysql能對查詢的某部分進行優化並將其轉化成一個常量(可以看show warnings 的結果)。用於 primary key 或 unique key 的所有列與常數比較時,所以表最多有一個匹配行,讀取1次,速度比較快。
mysql> explain extended select * from (select * from film where id = 1) tmp; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 2 | DERIVED | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ mysql> show warnings; +-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'film1' AS `name` from dual | +-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+eq_ref:primary key 或 unique key 索引的所有部分被連接使用 ,最多只會返回一條符合條件的記錄。這可能是在 const 之外最好的聯接類型了,簡單的 select 查詢不會出現這種 type。
mysql> explain select * from film_actor left join film on film_actor.film_id = film.id; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | index | NULL | idx_film_actor_id | 8 | NULL | 3 | Using index | | 1 | SIMPLE | film | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | test.film_actor.film_id | 1 | NULL | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+
ref
:相比 eq_ref
,不使用唯一索引,而是使用普通索引或者唯一性索引的部分首碼,索引要和某個值相比較,可能會找到多個符合條件的行。
1. 簡單 select 查詢,name是普通索引(非唯一索引) mysql> explain select * from film where name = "film1"; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ 2.關聯表查詢,idx_film_actor_id是film_id和actor_id的聯合索引,這裡使用到了film_actor的左邊首碼film_id部分。 mysql> explain select * from film left join film_actor on film.id = film_actor.film_id; +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index | | 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | test.film.id | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+
ref_or_null
:類似ref
,但是可以搜索值為NULL的行。
mysql> explain select * from film where name = "film1" or name is null; +----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | ref_or_null | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | const | 2 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
index_merge
:表示使用了索引合併的優化方法。 例如下表:id是主鍵,tenant_id是普通索引。or 的時候沒有用 primary key,而是使用了 primary key(id) 和 tenant_id 索引
mysql> explain select * from role where id = 11011 or tenant_id = 8888; +----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | role | index_merge | PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id | PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id | 4,4 | NULL | 134 | Using union(PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id); Using where | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+
range
:範圍掃描通常出現在 in(), between ,> ,<, >= 等操作中。使用一個索引來檢索給定範圍的行。
mysql> explain select * from actor where id > 1; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | actor | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
index
:和ALL一樣,不同就是mysql只需掃描索引樹,這通常比ALL快一些。
mysql> explain select count(*) from film; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
ALL:
即全表掃描,意味著mysql需要從頭到尾去查找所需要的行。通常情況下這需要增加索引來進行優化了
mysql> explain select * from actor; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------