Linux如何搜索查找文件裡面內容

   在Linux系統當中，如何搜、索查找文件裡面的內容呢？ 這個應該是系統維護、管理當中遇到最常見的需求。那麼下麵介紹，總結一下如何搜索、查找文件當中的內容。

搜索、查找文件當中的內容，一般最常用的是grep命令，另外還有egrep, vi命令也能搜索文件裡面內容

1：搜索某個文件裡面是否包含字元串，使用grep "search content" filename1， 例如

$ grep ORA alert_gsp.log

$ grep "ORA" alert_gsp.log

例如我們需要搜索、查找utlspadv.sql文件中包含ORA的字元內容

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep "ORA" utlspadv.sql

  --   ORA-XXXXX:        Monitoring already started. If for example you want 

  --   ORA-20111:

  --   ORA-20112:

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  -- 0 |<PS> =>DBS2.REGRESS.RDBMS.DEV.US.ORACLE.COM 0 0 2 99.3% 0% 0.7% ""

  -- |<PR> DBS1.REGRESS.RDBMS.DEV.US.ORACLE.COM=> 100% 0% 0% "" |<PR> ...

  -- =>DBS2.REGRESS.RDBMS.DEV.US.ORACLE.COM 92 7 99.3% 0% 0.7% "" |<PR> ...

  -- |<C> CAPTURE_USER1=>DBS2.REGRESS.RDBMS.DEV.US.ORACLE.COM 2 0 0 0.E+00

  -- |<C> CAPTURE_USER1=>DBS2.REGRESS.RDBMS.DEV.US.ORACLE.COM

  -- ORA-20111:

  -- ORA-20112:

  --   ORA-20100:

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

如上所示，這個是一個模糊匹配，其實我是想要查看ORA這類錯誤，那麼我要過濾掉哪一些沒有用的，搜索的內容修改一下即可（當然也可以使用特殊參數，後面有講述），如下所示。

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep "ORA-" utlspadv.sql

  --   ORA-XXXXX:        Monitoring already started. If for example you want 

  --   ORA-20111:

  --   ORA-20112:

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  -- ORA-20111:

  -- ORA-20112:

  --   ORA-20100:

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

2: 如果你想搜索多個文件是否包含某個字元串,可以使用下麵方式

grep "search content" filename1 filename2.... filenamen

grep "search content" *.sql

例如我想查看當前目錄下,哪些sql腳本包含視圖v$temp_space_header（註意：搜索的內容如果包含特殊字元時，必須進行轉義處理，如下所示）

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep "v\$temp_space_header" *.sql

catspacd.sql:drop public synonym v$temp_space_header;

catspacd.sql:drop public synonym gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace view v_$temp_space_header as select * from v$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym v$temp_space_header for v_$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace view gv_$temp_space_header as select * from gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym gv$temp_space_header

catspace.sql:            FROM gv$temp_space_header

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

3：如果需要顯示搜索文本在文件中的行數，可以使用參數-n

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep  -n "v\$temp_space_header" *.sql

catspacd.sql:68:drop public synonym v$temp_space_header;

catspacd.sql:71:drop public synonym gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:1952:create or replace view v_$temp_space_header as select * from v$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:1953:create or replace public synonym v$temp_space_header for v_$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:1956:create or replace view gv_$temp_space_header as select * from gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:1957:create or replace public synonym gv$temp_space_header

catspace.sql:2357:            FROM gv$temp_space_header

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

4: 如果搜索時需要忽略大小寫問題，可以使用參數-i

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep  "V\$TEMP_SPACE_HEADER" *.sql

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep -i "V\$TEMP_SPACE_HEADER"  *.sql

catspacd.sql:drop public synonym v$temp_space_header;

catspacd.sql:drop public synonym gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace view v_$temp_space_header as select * from v$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym v$temp_space_header for v_$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace view gv_$temp_space_header as select * from gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym gv$temp_space_header

catspace.sql:            FROM gv$temp_space_header

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

另外，例如檢查安裝的MySQL組件

[root@DB-Server init.d]# rpm -qa | grep -i mysql

MySQL-devel-5.6.23-1.linux_glibc2.5

MySQL-client-5.6.23-1.linux_glibc2.5

MySQL-server-5.6.23-1.linux_glibc2.5

5：從文件內容查找不匹配指定字元串的行：

$ grep –v "被查找的字元串" 文件名

例如查找某些進程時，我們不想顯示包含命令grep ora_mmon的進程，如下所示

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ ps -ef  | grep ora_mmon  

oracle   16675 16220  0 00:09 pts/1    00:00:00 grep ora_mmon

oracle   21412     1  0 Aug22 ?        00:00:07 ora_mmon_gsp

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ ps -ef  | grep ora_mmon  | grep -v grep

oracle   21412     1  0 Aug22 ?        00:00:07 ora_mmon_gsp

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

6：搜索、查找匹配的行數：

$ grep -c "被查找的字元串" 文件名

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep   "v\$temp_space_header" *.sql

catspacd.sql:drop public synonym v$temp_space_header;

catspacd.sql:drop public synonym gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace view v_$temp_space_header as select * from v$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym v$temp_space_header for v_$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace view gv_$temp_space_header as select * from gv$temp_space_header;

catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym gv$temp_space_header

catspace.sql:            FROM gv$temp_space_header

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep -c  "v\$temp_space_header"  catspacd.sql

2

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep -c  "v\$temp_space_header"  catspace.sql

5

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ 

7：有些場景，我們並不知道文件類型、或那些文件包含有我們需要搜索的字元串，那麼可以遞歸搜索某個目錄以及子目錄下的所有文件

[oracle@DB-Server ~]$ grep -r "v\$temp_space_header" /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql:create or replace view v_$temp_space_header as select * from v$temp_space_header;

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym v$temp_space_header for v_$temp_space_header;

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql:create or replace view gv_$temp_space_header as select * from gv$temp_space_header;

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql:create or replace public synonym gv$temp_space_header

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql: FROM gv$temp_space_header

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspacd.sql:drop public synonym v$temp_space_header;

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspacd.sql:drop public synonym gv$temp_space_header;

[oracle@DB-Server ~]$

8：如果我們只想獲取那些文件包含搜索的內容，那麼可以使用下命令

[oracle@DB-Server ~]$ grep -H -r "v\$temp_space_header" /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/ | cut -d: -f1

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspacd.sql

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspacd.sql

[oracle@DB-Server ~]$ grep -H -r "v\$temp_space_header" /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/ | cut -d: -f1 | uniq

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspace.sql

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catspacd.sql

[oracle@DB-Server ~]$

9：如果只想獲取和整個搜索字元匹配的內容，那麼可以使用參數w

你可以對比一下兩者的區別

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep -w "ORA" utlspadv.sql

  --   ORA-XXXXX:        Monitoring already started. If for example you want 

  --   ORA-20111:

  --   ORA-20112:

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  -- ORA-20111:

  -- ORA-20112:

  --   ORA-20100:

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

  --   ORA-20113: 'no active monitoring job found'

[oracle@DB-Server admin]$ grep  "ORA" utlspadv.sql

  --   ORA-XXXXX:        Monitoring already started. If for example you want 

  --   ORA-20111:

  --   ORA-20112: